Chapter 3: Ethical Research

Question 1

Describe Stanley Milgram’s experiement

Answer 1

Experiment on obedience and authority. Had participants shock a confederate when they got a question wrong, believing they were testing the effects of punishment.

Question 2

What were the problems of the Nuremberg Code and The Declaration of Helsinki?

Answer 2

• Did not explicitly address behavioral research

- Ethically questionable studies in the news required a better way to protect human subjects

Question 3

What are some ethical issues in Research?

Answer 3

Physical and Psychological Harm
Deception/informed consent
Confidentiality
Animal Research
Fraud

Question 4

What is a common solution to deception?

Answer 4

Debriefing

Question 5

What constitutes as fraud?

Answer 5

Fabrication of results

Question 6

Who decides whether or not proposed research can be conducted? How do they decide what review proposed research will need?

Answer 6

The Institutional Review Board (IRB) decides. They classify research as:
No risk- exempt from review
Minimal risk- Expedited review
Greater than minimal risk- Full review

Question 7

What is the Nuremberg code?

Answer 7

A set of 10 rules of research conduct that would prevent future atrocities like the Nazi scientists

Question 8

What are the 5 principles of the APA ethics code?

Answer 8

1. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
2. Fidelity and Responsibility (maintain trust with participants)
3. Integrity
4. Justice
5. Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity

Question 9

What are the 3 basic principles of the Belmont Report? Describe them

Answer 9

1. Beneficence- Maximize benefits and minimize harm
2. Respect for Persons (Autonomy)- Participants capable of deciding whether to participate in research, must be provided with informed consent
3. Justice-Exclusion of certain people from a research study must be justified on scientific grounds

Question 10

The Declaration of Helsinki was developed by who? What did it declare?

Answer 10

Developed by the World Medical Association, declared that journal editors MUST ensure that published research meet principles of the Declaration

Question 11

What 3 documents were the origin of ethics codes?

Answer 11

1. The Nuremberg code
2. Declaration of Helsinki
3. The Belmont Report