Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anthropology 102 - Essentials of Biological Anthropology > Chapter 3 - Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Adenine

A

One of the nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA; pairs with Thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

amino acids

A

Organic molecules combined in a specific sequence by the ribosomes form a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

antibodies

A

Molecules that form as part of the primary immune response to the presence of foreign substances; they attach to the foreign antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

antigens

A

specific proteins, on the surface of cells, that stimulate the immune system’s antibody production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

autosomes

A

All chromosomes, except the sex chromosomes, that occur in pairs in all somatic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

coding DNA

A

Sequences of a gene’s DNAthat are coded to produce a specific protein and are transcribed and translated during protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

codominance

A

Refers to two different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in a heterozygote’s phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

codons

A

The sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

complementary bases

A

The predictable pairing of nitrogen bases in the structure of DNA and RNA, such that adenine and thymine always pair together and cytosine and guanine pair together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

crossing-over

A

The process by which homologous chromosomes partially wrap around each other and exchange genetic information during meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cytoplasm

A

The jellylike substance inside the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus and in which the organelles are suspended

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cytosine

A

One of the nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA; it pairs with guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

diploid

A

A cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

epigenetic

A

Refers to chemical changes in the genome affecting how the underlying DNA is used in production of proteins, but without altering the DNA sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

essential amino acids

A

Those amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body; they must be supplied by the diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gametes

A

Sexual reproductive cells, ova, and sperm, that have a haploid number of chromosomes and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite type to form a new organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

genome

A

The complete set of genetic information for an organism or species that represents all the inheritable traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

genomics

A

The branch of genetics that studies species’ genomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

guanine

A

One of the nitrogen bases that make up DNA and RNA; it pairs with cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

haplogroups

A

A large set of haplotypes, such as the y chromosome or mitochondrial DNA, that may be used to define a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

haploid

A

A cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes; half of the number of chromosomes as a diploid cell

22
Q

haplotypes

A

A group of alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit due to their closely spaced loci on a single chromosome

23
Q

heterozygous

A

Refers to the condition in which the two alleles of a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are different

24
Q

homeotic genes (Hox)

A

Also known as homeobox genes, they are responsible for differentiating the specific segments of the body, such as the head, tail, and limbs, during the embryological development

25
homologous
Refers to each set of paired chromosomes in the genome
26
homozygous
Refers to the condition in which the two alleles of a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the same
27
law of segregation
Mendel's first law which asserts that the two alleles for any given gene are inherited, one from each parent; during gamete production, only one of the two alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm
28
locus
The location on a chromosome of a specific gene
29
meiosis
The production of gametes through one DNA replication and two cell divisions, creating four haploid gametic cells
30
mitochondria
Energy-producing (ATP) organelles in eukaryotic cells; they possess their own independent DNA.
31
mitosis
The process of cellular and nuclear division that creates two identical diploid daughter cells
32
noncoding DNA
Sequences of a gene's DNA (also known as introns) that are not coded to produce specific proteins and are excised before protein synthesis
33
nucleotide
The building block of DNA and RNA, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases
34
nucleus
A membrane-bound structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material
35
pleiotropy
A single gene can have multiple effects
36
polygenic
Refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes
37
polymorphism
Refers to the presence of two or more alleles at a locus and where the frequency of the alleles is greater than 1% in the population
38
recombination
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a crossover event
39
regulatory genes
Those genes that determine when structural genes and other regulatory genes are turned on and off for protein synthesis
40
replication
The process of copying nuclear DNA prior to cell division, so that each new daughter cell receives a complete complement of DNA
41
ribonucleic acid
A single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis consisting of a phosphate, ribose sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases
42
ribosomes
The organelles attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum located in the cytoplasm of a cell; they are the site of protein synthesis
43
sex chromosomes
The pair of chromosomes that determine an organism's biological sex
44
single nucleotide polymorphisms
Variations in the DNA sequence due to the change of a single nitrogen base
45
somatic cells
Diploid cells that form the organs, tissues, and other parts of an organism's body
46
structural genes
Genes coded to produce particular products, such as an enzyme or hormone, rather than regulatory proteins
47
thymine
One of four nitrogen bases that make up DNA; it pairs with adenine
48
transcription
The first step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of mRNA based on the DNA template
49
translation
The second step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain
50
translocations
Rearrangements of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another
51
uracil
One of four nitrogen bases that make up RNA; it pairs with adenine
52
zygote
The cell that results from a sperm's fertilization of an ovum

Anthropology 102 - Essentials of Biological Anthropology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions