Chapter 3 Grammar

Question 1

Noun の前 (に) / the dictionary form of verbs + 前 (に) DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

Answer 1

The particle に to express time is optional with 〜前. As it can be used as a topic, 前 can be combined with は as in 前は or 前には.

Noun + の + 前 or the DICTIONARY FORM of a verb + 前.

Indicates that the event in the 前 clause was NOT COMPLETED before the performance of the event in the MAIN CLAUSE. Because of this, it must ALWAYS be PLAIN FORM.

Question 2

従業の前に、話があります。

Answer 2

I have to talk to you before class.

Question 3

ひっこしの前に、くるまをなおします。

Answer 3

I will fix the car before moving.

Question 4

しけんの前は、あまり寝られない。

Answer 4

I cannot sleep well before an exam.

Question 5

旅行に行く前には、計画をたてた方がいいですよ。

Answer 5

You should make plans before you go on a trip.

Question 6

店がしまる前に、買いに行こう。

Answer 6

Let’s go shopping before the stores close.

Question 7

卒業する前に、やりたいことがある。

Answer 7

I have something that I want to do before graduation.

Question 8

結婚する前に、家を買いたいです。

Answer 8

I want to buy a house before getting married.

Question 9

結婚する前に、家を買いました。

Answer 9

I bought a house before getting married.

Question 10

前 (に) + 後 (で) NOTES - Particle が:

Answer 10

If the subject of the subordinate clause is different from the main clause, it must be marked with the particle が.

Question 11

母が来る前に、へやをそうじしました。

Answer 11

I cleaned my room before my mother came.

Question 12

この会場には、前に来たことがあります。

Answer 12

I have come to this meeting place before.

Question 13

あの湖は、前はとてもきれいだった。

Answer 13

This lake was once very clean.

Question 14

Noun の後 (で) / the plain past affirmative form of verbs + 後 (で) DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

Answer 14

The particle で to express time is optional with 〜後. Because it can be used as a topic, 後 can be combined with は as in 後は or 後では.

Noun + の + 後 or the PLAIN PAST TENSE of a verb + 後

Indicates that the action in the 後 clause WAS COMPLETED before the event in the MAIN CLAUSE.

後 can be used independently, with no clause.

Question 15

そうべつかいの後で、引っ越した。

Answer 15

I moved after the farewell party.

Question 16

創業式のあとで、友達と写真を撮った。

Answer 16

I took a picture with my friend after the graduation ceremony.

Question 17

日本にりゅうがくした後で、その人と会った。　

Answer 17

I met the person after I went to Japan on a study abroad program.

Question 18

しゅうしょくた後で、けっこんしたい。

Answer 18

I want to get married after I get a job.

Question 19

木山：小山さんの送別会、行った？

キム：うん、バイトがおわったあとで行ったから、少しおそくなったけど。

Answer 19

Kiyama: Did you go to Ms. Koyama’s farewell party?
Kim: Yeah, but I was a bit late because I went after I got off work from my part-time job.

Question 20

田中さんは、子供が生まれた後で、仕事をはじめた。

Answer 20

Mr. Tanaka started working after his child was born.

Question 21

はたらいた後で飲むビールはとてもおいしい。

Answer 21

Beer after work is delicious

Question 22

後で来て下さい。

Answer 22

Please come later.

Question 23

Talking about preparations using 〜ておく DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

Answer 23

The て-form of the verb + おく is used when someone does something for a FUTURE PURPOSE or leaves the current state as is for a future purpose.

〜ておく conjugates as an う-verb

〜ておく becomes ～とく in casual speech

Question 24

しゅうしょくする前に、しょうらいのけいかくを立てておいたほうがいいですよ。　

Answer 24

You should make plans for your future before you start looking for a job.

Question 25

ひっこしのじゅんびをしておきます。

Answer 25

I will make preparations for moving.

Question 26

今晩友達が来るから、ワインをひやしときましょう。

Answer 26

I will chill wine (in advance) since my friends are coming over tonight.

Question 27

しゅくだいをはじめる前に、ゲームであそんどこう。

Answer 27

Let’s play some more games before I start doing homework.

Question 28

学生が来ますから、開けておいでください。

Answer 28

A student is coming, so please leave it open (for the student)

Question 29

A：げんかんの電気、けそうか。

B：あ、つけといて。まだ、大輔が帰ってきてないから。

Answer 29

A: Shall I turn off the light in the entrance?
B: Leave it on. Daisuke’s not home yet.

Question 30

Expressing completion, regret, and the realization that a mistake was made using ～てしまう DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

Answer 30

The て-form of a verb + しまう can have two interpretations, both dependent on context:

1. Indicates the speaker has finished doing something more clearly than the simple verb form does (FINISHED DOING vs. having performed)
2. Indicates that something that should not have happened took place, or that someone did something that he or she should not have done; often conveys REGRET

～てしまう conjugates as an う-verb.

～てしまう/～でしまう becomes ちゃう/じゃう in casual speech

Question 31

明日までに履歴書 (りれきしょ) を書いてしまいます。

Answer 31

I will finish up writing the resume by tomorrow.

Question 32

古くなったらおいしくないから、今食べてしまった方がいいよ。

Answer 32

It won’t taste good if it gets old, so you should finish it up now.

Question 33

そのDVDはもう見てしまいました。

Answer 33

I have already seen that DVD.

Question 34

今日は、もうジョギングをしてしまった。

Answer 34

I have already gone jogging today.

Question 35

リーさんへのプレゼント、もうつつんじゃったよ。

Answer 35

I have already wrapped Mr. Li’s gift.

Question 36

しゅくだいはもうしちゃったよ。

Answer 36

My homework is finished.

Question 37

大事なレポートをおとしてしまった。

Answer 37

I accidentally lost an important report.

Question 38

犬が死んでしまった。

Answer 38

My dog has died.

Question 39

あ！教科書忘れちゃった。

Answer 39

I forgot my textbook

Question 40

かいだんからおちちゃったんです。

Answer 40

I fell down the stairs.

Question 41

すみません、田中さんのケーキは私が食べてしまったんです。

Answer 41

I’m sorry, but I ate Mr. Tanaka’s cake.

Question 42

Using transitive and intransitive verbs: DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

Answer 42

Transitive verbs express action directed by SOMEONE TOWARD a specific object (DIRECT OBJECT); marked with particle を.

Intransitive verbs are used in situations where the OBJECT ACTS ON ITS OWN WITHOUT A DIRECT OBJECT; often marked with particle が, but not always.

Except for some verbs like 入る, which can take an animate subject, as in 私はお風呂に入る、many intransitive verbs of transitive/intransitive verb pairs take an inanimate subject and DO NOT EXPRESS the speaker’s INTENTIONAL ACTION. When they are used with the て-form of verbs + いる structure, they express a resultant state (Chapter 9 of Nakama I)

Question 43

ドアを開けた。

Answer 43

I opened the door.

Question 44

ドアが開いた。

Answer 44

The door opened (on its own).

Question 45

お母さんは子供を八時に起こします。

Answer 45

The mother wakes the child up at eight o’clock.

Question 46

子供は八時に起きます。

Answer 46

The child wakes up at eight o’clock.

Question 47

私は電話をかけています。

Answer 47

I am making a phone call.

Question 48

電話がかかりました。

Answer 48

The phone is ringing.

Question 49

電気がついています。

Answer 49

The light is on.

Question 50

窓が閉まっています。

Answer 50

The window is closed.

Question 51

このくつ、よごれていますね。

Answer 51

These shoes are dirty.

Question 52

ええ、子供がよごしてしまったんですよ。

Answer 52

Yes, my child got them dirty.

Question 53

スミスさんのしゅくだいが出ていませんね。

Answer 53

Mr. Smith, you haven’t turned in your homework. (lit.: Mr. Smith’s homework has not been turned in)

Question 54

まだケーキがのこっていますよ。だれが食べませんか。

Answer 54

Some cake is still left. Would anybody like to eat it?

Question 55

あ、それはキムさんのケーキですから、のこしておいたんです。

Answer 55

Ah, since that is Ms. Kim’s cake, I left it for her.

Question 56

この漢字、間違ってるよ。

Answer 56

This kanji is wrong.

Question 57

あ、本当だ。この漢字はむずかしいから、よく間違えるんだ。

Answer 57

Oh, you’re right. This kanji is difficult, so I often get it wrong.

Question 58

Expressing results of intentional action using ～てある (1/2): DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

Answer 58

～てある is usually used to express a situation where someone has DONE SOMETHING for SOME PURPOSE and the speaker wants to talk about the STATE RESULTING FROM THAT ACTION.

The verb in the ～てある construction can be transitive or intransitive, but it MUST express an INTENTIONAL ACTION.

Question 59

Expressing results of intentional action using ～てある (2/2): DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRANSITIVE + INTRANSITIVE:

Answer 59

Transitive verbs indicate an intentional action, so ～てある is used to express a STATE RESULTING FROM AN INTENTIONAL ACTION.

When the main verb is transitive, the direct object can be marked with either が or を. The particle を tends to be chosen when the action was PERFORMED BY THE SPEAKER

In contrast, intransitive verbs usually express NON-INTENTIONAL ACTION.

Question 60

猫がかばんの中にい入っています。
バスに乗っています。
＊＊入る＋乗る use ～ている＊＊

Answer 60

The cat has gone into the bag.

I am on the bus.

Question 61

ビールを冷やしてあります。

ビールが冷えています。

Answer 61

The beer has been chilled. (I chilled it)

The beer is cold.

Question 62

お湯をわかしてあります。

お湯がわいています。

Answer 62

The water has been boiled. (I boiled it)

The water is boiling.

Question 63

晩御飯が作ってありますから、後で食べて下さい。

Answer 63

I made dinner for you, so please eat it later. (lit.: Dinner has been made, so please eat it later.)

Question 64

雨がふりそうだから、まどが閉めてあります。

Answer 64

Since it looks as if it will rain, the windows have been closed.

Question 65

たくさんトレーニングはしてあるから、マラソンでいいタイムが出せるでしょう。

Answer 65

Since I trained a lot, my time for the marathon should be good.

Question 66

たくさん食べ物　が　買ってあります。

たくさん食べ物　を　買ってあります。

Answer 66

A lot of food has been purchased (by me or others).

A lot of food has been purchased (by me).

Question 67

ホテルの予約もしてあるし、飛行機の切符も買ってあります。

Answer 67

The hotel reservation has been made, and plane tickets have been purchased.

Question 68

タクシーをよんであるから、もうすぐ来ます。

Answer 68

I’ve called a cab already, so it should be here soon. (lit.: Since a cab has been called, it should be here soon.)

Question 69

そのことについては私から先生に少し話してあるから、そうだんしてみたらどうですか。

Answer 69

I’ve spoken to the teacher a little bit about it, so why don’t you talk with him?

Question 70

よく寝てありますから、大丈夫ですよ。

Answer 70

Since I (have) slept well (since I got a good sleep), I’ll be okay.

Question 71

Expressing purpose, using the plain form of the verb/noun の + ため, in order to ～, for～: DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

Answer 71

PLAIN PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE of a verb + ため
NOUN + の + ため

Indicates an action or event that is CONTROLLED by the speaker and indicates a PURPOSE.

When used with motion verbs (行く、来る、帰る、etc.), ため expresses IMPORTANT PURPOSE (“in order to”). The ます-stem of verbs + に DOES NOT necessarily express an important purpose.

Question 72

Expressing purpose, using the plain form of the verb/noun の + ため, in order to ～, for～: NOTES - Particles に and の:

Answer 72

ため can be followed by the particle に (when it modifies a verbal phrase) or の when it modifies a noun. The particle に can optionally be deleted.

日本に留学するため（に）アルバイトをしているんです。I’m working part-time in order to go to Japan to study.

Question 73

Expressing purpose, using the plain form of the verb/noun の + ため, in order to ～, for～: NOTES - When ため indicates a REASON or CAUSE:

Answer 73

ため indicates a reason or clause when:

1. ため is preceded by an ADJECTIVE or the PLAIN PAST FORM of a verb and adjective, or
2. The MAIN CLAUSE expresses an action or event that CANNOT BE CONTROLLED by the speaker

祖父が亡くなったため、学校に切られませんでした。I could not come to school because my grandfather died.

Question 74

エンジニアになるために、勉強しています。

Answer 74

I am studying in order to become an engineer.

Question 75

けんきゅうするために、来ました。

Answer 75

I have come to do research.

Question 76

自分のためになる仕事がしたい

Answer 76

I want to do work that will be good for my own development.

Question 77

何のために、その会社にしゅうしょくするんですか。

Answer 77

Why are you taking a job at that company?

Question 78

留学するために、アルバイトをする。

Answer 78

I work part-time to study abroad.

Question 79

将来のために、わかい時は色々なことをした方がいい。

Answer 79

For the sake of your future, you should experience a variety of things while you’re young.

Question 80

しけんの勉強するために図書館に行きました。

しけんの勉強をしに図書館に行きました。

Answer 80

I went to the library in order to study for the exam.

I went to the library to study for the exam.

Question 81

コーヒーを飲むために来ました。

コーヒーを飲みに来ました。

Answer 81

I came in order to have some coffee.

I came to have some coffee.

Question 82

これは、新しい車を買うためのお金です。

Answer 82

This is the money to buy a new car.

Question 83

体育館は、うんどうするための建物です。

Answer 83

A gym is the place for exercise.

Question 84

はくぶつ館はここから遠いため、車で行った方がいいでしょう。

Answer 84

You should probably go to the museum by car because it’s far away from here.

Question 85

しゅうしょくがきまらないために、毎晩寝られない。

Answer 85

I cannot sleep at all at night because I have not gotten a job.

Question 86

雪のため、電車が遅く来た。

Answer 86

The train arrived late because of the snow.

Question 87

Expressing obligation using ～なければ/なくては ＋ ならない、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけない DEFINITION AND CONJUGATION:

Answer 87

NEGATIVE FORM + ～ければ/くては ＋ ならない、～ければ/～くては ＋ いけない = OBLIGATION

Although the four pairs are virtually interchangeable, いけない carries a STRONGER SENSE OF OBLIGATION than ならない and is used when expressing a SPECIFIC OBLIGATION. When one talks about obligations or necessities that are general in nature, ならない tends to be used.

Question 88

～なければ/なくては ＋ ならない、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけない CASUAL FORMS:

Answer 88

In casual speech, the following contracted forms are used. Also, ならない/いけない can be omitted or replace by だめ.

～なければならない / いけない ー＞ ～なきゃ（なんない / いけない / だめ）

～なくてはならない / いけない ー＞ ～なくちゃ（なんない / いけない / だめ）

Question 89

Expressing obligation using ～なければ/なくては ＋ ならない、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけない NOTES: What they mean by themselves + how to answer questions with these endings:

Answer 89

Because the negative form of the verb ある is ない, ～なければ/なくては ＋ ならない、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけない by themselves mean “something must exist” or “one must have something.”

To answer questions with ～なければ/なくては ＋ ならない、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけない:

Affirmative: ええ、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけません

Negative: いいえ、～なくてもいいです to express a lack of obligation

Question 90

明日、入学式になければならない。
明日、入学式になくてはならない。
明日、入学式になければいけない。
明日、入学式になくてはいけない。

Answer 90

I/You must attend the entrance ceremony tomorrow.

Question 91

もっと勉強しなければならない。

Answer 91

I/You have to study harder.

Question 92

卒業式を休まなくてはいけない。

Answer 92

I/You must excuse my/yourself from the graduation ceremony.

Question 93

ここにいなければいけません。

Answer 93

I/You must stay here.

Question 94

二十一さいじゃなければならない。

Answer 94

I/You must be 21 years old.

Question 95

子供は元気じゃなければならない。

Answer 95

Children are expected to be healthy.

Question 96

ゆうえんちは、楽しくなければならない。

Answer 96

Amusement parks ought to be fun.

Question 97

そうべつ会に出るためには、今、もどらなければなりません。

Answer 97

I must go back now in order to attend the farewell party.

Question 98

どうそう会のお金をあつめなければならない。

Answer 98

I have to collect money for the reunion.

Question 99

その子を車に乗せなくちゃならない。

Answer 99

I have to give a ride to the child.

Question 100

明日は東京に行かなければならないんです。

Answer 100

I must go to Tokyo tomorrow.

Question 101

この手紙、出さなきゃならないんだ。

Answer 101

I must mail this letter.

Question 102

つかった後は、トイレのドアは閉めなきゃだめよ。

Answer 102

After using the toilet, you must close the door.

Question 103

ここに先生のサインがなければいけない。

Answer 103

You must have a teacher’s signature here.

Question 104

学生証がなければいけませんよ。

Answer 104

You must have a student ID.

Question 105

Expressing the acceptability of an action or state using the negative stem + なくてもいい DEFINITION + CONJUGATION:

Answer 105

NEGATIVE STEM of VERBS and ADJECTIVES + なくてもいい = one DOES NOT HAVE TO DO SOMETHING or something DOES NOT HAVE TO BE in a certain way.

The opposite of ～なければ/なくては ＋ ならない、～なければ/～なくては ＋ いけない

The negative stem + なくてもいい by itself means something does not have to exist or one does not have to have something.

Question 106

Expressing the acceptability of an action or state using the negative stem + なくてもいい NOTES: Polite speech

Answer 106

Instead of the negative stem + なくてもいい, the NEGATIVE STEM + なくてもけっこうです / なくてもかまいません are used in polite speech. Store clerks, bank tellers and post office clerks commonly use this more polite version.

Question 107

やまなくてもいいです。

Answer 107

You don’t have to stop.

Question 108

違わなくてもいいです。

Answer 108

It does not have to be different.

Question 109

同じじゃなくてもいいです。

Answer 109

It does not have to be the same.

Question 110

わかくなくてもいいです。

Answer 110

He/She does not have to be young.

Question 111

スミス：会場を変えなければなりませんか。

山本：いいえ、変えなくてもいいですよ。

Answer 111

Smith: Do we have to change the meeting place?
Yamamoto: No, you don’t have to change it.

Question 112

明：ネクタイしなきゃいけないの？

ケイト：いや、しなくてもいいよ。

Answer 112

Akira: Do I have to wear a necktie?
Kate: No, you don’t have to wear one.

Question 113

学生：同じのでなければなりませんか？

先生：いや、同じのじゃなくてもいいよ。違うのでもいいよ。

Answer 113

Student: Does it have to be the same one?
Teacher: No it does not have to be the same one. You can use a different one.

Question 114

パスポートがなくてもいいですよ。

Answer 114

You don’t have to have your passport.

Question 115

学生証は、なくてもけっこうです。

Answer 115

You don’t have to have your student ID.

Question 116

しょうたいじょうは、なくてもかまいませんよ。

Answer 116

You don’t have to have an invitation letter.