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Nakama 2 > Chapter 9 Grammar > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Grammar Flashcards

1
Q

Expressing appreciation for a favor done for you or a member of your in-group using 〜てくれる／下さる DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

Like くれる and 下さる in Chapter 6, RECIPIENT = SPEAKER OR IN-GROUP

GIVER = NOT THE SPEAKER (can be ANYONE)

下さる = social superior

The recipient of a favor can be marked by the particle に, but it does not have to be overtly marked if it is obvious.

先生は私にはいくを教えて下さいました。My teacher taught me haiku (for my benefit).

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2
Q

Note about 〜てくれる／下さる: In-group/out-group distinction in business AND request forms:

A

The in-group/out-group distinction can be applied in social contexts other than family.

Employees of the speaker’s company comprise an in-group, while non-employees compromise an out-group.

Customers = SOCIAL SUPERIOR = use 〜て下さる when a customer does something for ANY member of the company, even the speaker’s boss or company president (who would also be a social superior).

Request forms such as 〜て下さい、〜てくれませんか、and 〜て下さいませんか are derived from this structure.

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3
Q

先生がていねいな説明とアドバイスをして下さいました。

A

The professor gave me a detailed explanation and advice.

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4
Q

上司が私のねがいを聞いて下さった。

A

My boss kindly did me a favor.

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5
Q

姉がマンガをかしてくれた。

A

My older sister loaned me a manga.

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6
Q

同僚が妹をらくごにつれて行ってくれました。

A

My co-worker took my younger sister to a rakugo performance.

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7
Q

父はいつも私をしんじてくれている。

A

My father always believes me.

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8
Q

学校で一番かっこいい男の子が私とつきあってくれた。

A

The cutest guy in school went out with me.

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8
Q

私には、困った時に、いつも助けてくれる友達がいる。

A

I have a friend who always helps me out when I’m having problems.

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8
Q

A: あ、早かったね。

B: うん、アリスが車でむかえに来てくれたから。

A

A: Oh, you’re early.

B: Yeah, Alice came for me by car.

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9
Q

荷物が重くて困っていた時、知らない人が持ってくれました。

A

When I was struggling with heavy luggage, a stranger carried it for me.

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10
Q

Expressing willingness to help using 〜てあげる／やる DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

Like あげる and やる in Chapter 6, RECIPIENT = USUALLY OUT-GROUP.

If BOTH giver and recipient are in the speaker’s IN-GROUP, it is okay to use 〜てくれる／あげる／やる, but the use of くれる implies IDENTIFICATION with the recipient and the use of あげる or やる indicates NEUTRALITY with the giver.

〜てあげる／やる MUST BE USED when GIVER = SPEAKER

やる = Socially inferior; ます form = social superior

Recipient can be marked with に, but the recipient is not mentioned if it is obvious from the context.

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11
Q

私は友達に生花を教えてあげた。

A

I taught my friend flower arrangement (for her benefit).

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12
Q

私はかれしにしを書いてあげた。

A

I wrote a poem for my boyfriend.

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13
Q

ぼくは犬にボールを買ってやった／あげた。

A

I bought a ball for my dog.

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14
Q

私は黒田さんを見送りに行ってあげた。

A

I went to see Ms. Kuroda off (for her benefit).

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15
Q

私は犬と遊んでやった／あげた。

A

I played with the dog (for the benefit of the dog).

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16
Q

母は子猫をお風呂に入れてやりました／あげました。

A

My mother gave the kitten a bath (for the benefit of the kitten).

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17
Q

困った時は、私が助けてあげるから、心配しないで。

A

Don’t worry, I’ll help you if you’re having problems.

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18
Q

A: 五時までに駅に行かなきゃいけないんだけど、おくれそうなの。
B: じゃあ、ぼくが車で送ってあげるよ。

A

A: I have to be at the station by five o’clock, but it looks like I’m going to be late.
B: Well, I can drive you (to the situation).

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19
Q

弟が心細そうだったので、一緒に行ってあげた／やった。

A

Since my brother looked loney, I went with him (for him).

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20
Q

私は先生のかばんを持って差し上げました。

A

I carried the professor’s bag (for his benefit).

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21
Q

私は先生のかばんを持ちました。

A

I carried the professor’s bag.

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22
Q

私は先生のかばんをお持ちしました。

A

I humbly carried the professor’s bag (humble form of 持つ).

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23
Q

Expressing that someone has benefited from someone else’s action using 〜てもらう／いただく DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

As with the case when もらう or いただく is used as the sentence’s main verb, RECIPIENT = SUBJECT; GIVER = SOURCE in the 〜てもらう／いただく construction.

GIVER = marked by に (or から when the main verb indicates transferring an object)

Sentences with 〜てもらう may imply that the recipient is asking the giver for a favor. This is especially true when the verb is used in the future tense.

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24
Q

Note on 〜てもらう／いただく: Making requests:

A

Requests made with 〜ていただける (Chapter 4) are derived from this structure. いたたける = potential form of いただく.

〜ていただけませんか = “could I humbly receive the favor of your doing (this)”

〜てもらえませんか = “can I receive the favor of your doing 〜”; expresses a less formal request, but can be used INTERCHANGABLY

もらえる = potential form of もらう

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25
Q

Note on 〜てもらう／いただく: Expressing desire and expressing INDIRECT requests:

A

Use 〜ていただきたい to express a desire directed toward a SUPERIOR. 〜ていただきたい is a combination of いただく and たい .

〜てもらいたい (もらう + たい) = INTERCHANGABLE WITH 〜てほしい

〜てほしい／もらいたい／いただきたい can be used for INDIRECT REQUESTS.

INDIRECT REQUESTS = less forceful than 〜ていただけませんか／もらえませんか／くださいませんか／くれませんか.

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26
Q

私は美智子さんにたのみを聞いてもらった。

A

I got Michiko to do a favor for me.

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27
Q

妹はその人にハグをしてもらった。

A

My sister got the person to hug her.

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28
Q

その子は近所の人にほめてもらった。

A

The child got his neighbor to praise him.

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29
Q

弟は先生に助けていただいた。

A

My younger brother got the teacher to help him.

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30
Q

友達に／から本を送ってもらった。VS

友達に本を読んでもらった。

A

I had my friend send a book. VS

I had my friend read a book. (The particle から cannot be used in this sentence).

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31
Q

弟は父にりゆうを説明してもらうつもりです。

A

My younger brother intends to get my father to explain the reasons to him.

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32
Q

鈴木さんに見てもらいたいと思っています。

A

I’ve been thinking of having Mr. Suzuki look at it.

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33
Q

来週のパーティはことわってもらえませんか。／来週のパーティはことわってくれませんか。

A

Could you send an invitation to next week’s party for me?

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34
Q

ねえ、今日ちょっとつきあってもらえる？／ねえ、今日ちょっとつきあってくれる？

A

Hey, could you spend a little time with me today?

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35
Q

今の日本のけいざいについて話していただきたいんですが。

A

Could I ask you to talk about the current Japanese economy?

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36
Q

もう少していねいに教えてくれませんか。

A

Could you teach me with some more care (in greater detail)?

37
Q

ゴルフバッグが重いから、宅配便で送ってもらえませんか。

A

Since the golf bag is heavy, could you send it by a parcel service?

38
Q

A: ブログを見てもらいたいんだけど。／ブログを見てほしんだけど。

B: あ、ごめん。今ちょっと忙しいから、後でいい？

A

A: Can I get you to look at my blog? (lit.: I want to get you to read my blog.)

B: Oh, I’m sorry, I’m a bit tied up now - can I look at it later?

39
Q

Making or letting someone do something using the causative form DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

English causative = someone (causer) either FORCES OR ALLOWS SOMEONE ELSE (causee) TO DO SOMETHING.

Japanese has TWO types of causative forms. CAUSER = SUBJECT, but the distinction between MAKE-CAUSITIVE and LET-CAUSITIVE is not always clear from the verb forms alone.

父は妹にいいきょういくを受けさせた。My father made/let my sister get a good education.

40
Q

Causative form CONJUGATION:

A

Similar to passive verbs. Instead of the passive endings れる／られる, the endings せる／す／させる／さす are used.

る-verbs: Replace る with させる or さす

う-verbs: Replace the negative ending ない with せる or す

Irregular verbs: する = させる or さす；くる = こさせる or こさす

41
Q

見る CAUSATIVE FORM CONJUGTION:

A

見る + させる／さす ー＞見させる／見さる

42
Q

食べる CAUSATIVE FORM CONJUGATION:

A

たべる + させる／さす ー＞食べさせる／食べさす

43
Q

すわる CAUSATIVE FORM CONJUGATION:

A

すわらない + せる／す ー＞ すわらせる／すわらす

44
Q

話す CAUSATIVE FORM CONJUGATION:

A

話さない + せる／す ー＞ 話させる／話さす

45
Q

Causative construction: INTRANSITIVE VERBS: DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

When an intransitive verb is used, CAUSEE = を or に. に tends to be used for the LET-CAUSATIVE construction, but BOTH CAN BE USED TO MAKE LET- and MAKE-CAUSATIVE.

To explicitly mark let-causative, COMBINE CAUSATIVE FORM + VERB OF GIVING, which implies that the cause is doing the causee a favor by allowing him or her to do the action in question. In this case, it makes no difference whether the particle is に or を.

46
Q

社長はほかの人はあいさつを行かせた。VS

社長はほかの人はあいさつに行かせた。

A

The president MADE (let) another person go to greet (someone). VS

The president LET another person go to greet (someone).

47
Q

母は私の買い物につきあわせた。

A

My mother made (let) me go shopping with her.

48
Q

彼女をからわせたかったのに、なかせてしまった。

A

I wanted to make my girlfriend smile, but made her cry instead.

49
Q

上司は部下を／にしゅっちょうに行かせてやった。

A

The boss let his subordinate go on assignment.

50
Q

先輩は後輩を／にすわらせてあげた。

A

The older student let the younger student sit down.

51
Q

母は私を／に買い物につきあわせてくれた。

A

My mother let me go shopping with her.

52
Q

Causative construction: TRANSITIVE VERBS: DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

Causee = usually marked with に.

It is not possible to tell the difference between make- and let-causative constructions without CONTEXT or GIVING/RECEIVING VERBS.

53
Q

先生はみんなにブログを書かせた。

A

The teacher made/let everyone write a blog.

54
Q

先生はほかの学生にはつおんの練習をさせた。

A

The teacher made/let everyone write a blog.

55
Q

先輩はぼくにチップをはらわせた。

A

The older student made/let me pay the tip.

56
Q

父は私にせいざをさせた。

A

My father made me sit on the floor in formal Japanese style.

57
Q

先生はまりさんにしを書かせてあげた。

A

The teacher let Mari write a poem.

58
Q

先生は日本人の学生にしんとうとぶつきょうのしゅうかんについて、留学生にキリストきょうとユダヤきょうとイスラムきょうのしゅうかんについて話をさせた。

A

The teacher made/let the Japanese students talk about Shinto and Buddhist customs, and made/let international students talk about Christian, Jewish, and Islamic customs.

59
Q

Requesting permission to do something using the causative て form and expressions of requests DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

て-form of CAUSATIVE VERB can be combined with a variety of endings, such as verbs of giving and receiving, to indicate PERSONAL REQUESTS.

General meaning = “Please allow me to do〜” or “Please let me do 〜”.

60
Q

日本のせいじの問題について説明させてくれませんか。VS

日本のせいじの問題について説明させていただけませんか。VS

日本のせいじの問題について説明させてほしんですが。

A

Please let me explain Japanese political problems. VS

Please allow me to explain Japanese political problems. VS

I’d like you to let me explain Japanese political problems.

61
Q

りゆうについて少し考させて下さい。

A

Please let me think about the reason.

62
Q

そのマンガ、読ませて。

A

Please let me read the manga.

63
Q

帰る前にあいさつをさせて下さい。

A

Please let me say hello before I go home.

64
Q

私にもかえに行かせていただけませんか。

A

Would you let me go pick (him/her) up?

65
Q

私にお礼を言わせてくれませんか。

A

Could you let me express my appreciation?

66
Q

見送りに行かせてほしいんですけど。

A

I would like to come see you off.

67
Q

Difference between 〜てもいいですか and causative て-form:

A

〜てもいいですか can be used in a very general and non-specific manner.

Causative て-form + request expression = PERSONAL FAVORS ONLY.

ゆかにすわってもいいですか。Is it OK if I sit on the floor/Is sitting on the floor allowed here?

ゆかにすわらせてくれませんか。Would you mind if I sat on the floor?

68
Q

Expressing the immediate future using 〜る + ところ; the current situation using 〜ている + ところ; and the immediate past using 〜た + ところ DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

ところ literally means “place,” and by extension it also means “point in time” or “moment.”

PLAIN AFFIRMATIVE FORM + ところ

  • Dictionary form = ABOUT TO DO 〜
  • 〜ている = TO BE IN THE MIDDLE OF DOING 〜
  • Plain past form = HAVE JUST FINISHED DOING 〜

チップを払うところです。I am about to leave a gratuity.

チップを払っているところです。I am leaving a gratuity.

チップを払ったところです。 I have just left a gratuity.

69
Q

今出かけるところですから、後で電話して下さい。

A

I am just going out, so please call back later.

70
Q

今、ぼくの好きのアニメが始まるところなんだよ。

A

My favorite anime is about to start.

71
Q

習字のレッソンが終わるところです。

A

The calligraphy lesson is about to finish.

72
Q

もう少しで、あの人の話をしんじるところだった。

A

I was almost ready to believe what he said.

73
Q

今、生け花の練習をしているところです。

A

I am in the middle of practicing flower arranging.

74
Q

今、この問題について考えているところだから、ちょっと持って。

A

I am in the middle of thinking about this problem, so please wait a moment.

75
Q

その話は今ことわったところだ。

A

I’ve just declined the offer (lit.: story).

76
Q

今すわったところだから、少し休ませて下さい。

A

I’ve just sat down, so let me rest for a moment.

77
Q

A: あっ、いたの？

B: うん、帰ってきたところ。

A

A: Oh, so you’re here after all.

B: Yes, I’ve just come back.

78
Q

Expressing the CONTINUATION of an action or event using a specified time span using 間 DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

When 間 is used WITHOUT に, the action or state in the MAIN CLAUSE MUST CONTINUE FOR AS LONG AS the state described in the 間 CLAUSE IS IN EFFECT.

間 tense = normally PRESENT, regardless of the tense of the main clause.

Like other subordinate clauses, the subject of the 間 clause is marked by the PARTICLE が if it is different from that of the main clause.

Negative form ない + 間 can be used, but is less common than the affirmative form.

79
Q

間 clause CONJUGATION:

A

ACTION VERBS: Verb ている + 間
- ことわる (to refuse) ー＞ 断っている間

STATIVE VERBS (いる、ある、わかる、etc.): Dictionary form + 間
 - いる (to exist) ー＞ いる間

ADJECTIVES:

  • い = ADD 間
  • な + Stem + な + 間

NOUN: Stem + の + 間

80
Q

子供が寝ている間、本を読む。

子供が寝ている間、本を読んだ。

A

I read books while the child is sleeping.

I read a book while the child was sleeping.

81
Q

夏休みの間、何もしませんでした。

A

I didn’t do anything during summer vacation.

82
Q

父が元気な間は、東京ではたらくつもりです。

A

I plan to work in Tokyo as long as my father is healthy.

83
Q

スミスさんは東京にいる間、茶道を習っていました。

A

Mr. Smith studies tea ceremony while he was in Tokyo.

84
Q

話を聞いている間、ずっとせいざをしていました。

A

I sat in formal Japanese style the whole time I listened to that story.

85
Q

子供が小さい間は、あまりほかの人とつきあわなかった。

A

When my child was small, I didn’t have a chance to associate with people outside my family.

86
Q

先生がいない間、みんなで遊んだ。

A

We goofed off while the teacher was not here.

87
Q

Expressing the COMPLETION of an action or event in a specified time span using 間に DEFINITION + USAGE:

A

間に = Indicates a SPECIFIC POINT IN TIME; an action or event in the MAIN CLAUSE MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN THE TIME SPECIFIED IN THE 間に clause.

88
Q

子供が寝ている間にせんたくをする。

A

I do laundry while the child is sleeping.

89
Q

日本にいる間に、日本のげいしゅつについて勉強した。

A

I learned about Japanese arts while I was in Japan.

90
Q

安い間に、買った方がいいかもしれない。

A

It may be better to buy it while it’s still cheap.

91
Q

アメリカに留学している間に、しゅうきょうと政治の勉強を始めた。

A

I began my studies of religion and politics while studying in the United States.

Nakama 2 (34 decks)

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