CHAPTER 3 (Module 3.1) - Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System

Question 1

what parts compose the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM?

Answer 1

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

Question 2

what composes the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 2

the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 2

what does the somatic nervous system do?

Answer 2

it consists of axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles

Question 3

what are the 2 parts of the PNS?

Answer 3

1. Somatic Nervous System
2. Autonomic Nervous System

Question 3

what does the autonomic nervous system do?

Answer 3

the autonomic nervous system controls the heart, intestines, and other organs

Question 4

what does ventral mean?

Answer 4

ventral means toward the stomach

Question 4

what does dorsal mean?

Answer 4

dorsal means toward the back

Question 4

What does ventral mean, and what is its opposite?

Answer 4

ventral means toward the stomach and its opposite is dorsal

Question 5

The bulges in the cerebral cortex are called _______. The grooves between them are called ____.

Answer 5

gyri; sulci. To remember sulcus, think of the word sulk, meaning “to pout” (and therefore lie low).

Question 5

What term means toward the midline, and what is its opposite?

Answer 5

medial; lateral

Question 5

If two structures are both on the left side of the body, they are ______ to each other. If one is on the left and the other is on the right, they are _____ to each other.

Answer 5

ipsilateral; contralateral

Question 6

this term refers to a row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites

Answer 6

LAMINA

Question 7

this part of the nervous system refers to a set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with similar properties

Answer 7

Column

Question 7

this part of the nervous system refers to a fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another

Answer 7

Sulcus

Question 8

this part of the nervous system refers to a bulge on the surface of the brain

Answer 8

Gyrus

Question 8

this part of the nervous system refers to a cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually outside the CNS (as in the sympathetic nervous system)

Answer 8

Ganglion

Question 8

this part of the nervous system refers to a set of axons within the CNS, also known as
a projection.

If axons extend from cell bodies in structure A to synapses onto B, we say that the fibers “project” from A onto B

Answer 8

Tract

Question 8

this part of the nervous system refers to a set of axons in the periphery, either from
the CNS to a muscle or gland or from a
sensory organ to the CNS

Answer 8

Nerve

Question 9

this part of the nervous system refers to a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the
CNS

Answer 9

Nucleus

Question 10

this part of the nervous system refers to a long, deep sulcus

Answer 10

fissure

Question 11

what part of the CNS communicates with all the sense organs and muscles except those of the head?

Answer 11

SPINAL CORD

Question 12

what is a dorsal root ganglia?

Answer 12

a dorsal root ganglia refers to the cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord

Question 13

what are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 13

1. Sympathetic Nervous System
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 14

this part of the autonomic nervous system consists of chains of ganglia just to the left and right of the spinal cord’s central regions

PREPARES THE ORGANS FOR ABURST OF VIGOROUS ACTIVITY

“fight or flight”

Answer 14

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 15

this part of the autonomic nervous system is sometimes called the “rest and digest” system, facilitates vegetative, nonemergency responses _____ activities are related to, and generally the opposite of sympathetic activities

Answer 15

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 16

what is the parasympathetic nervous system also known as? and why?

Answer 16

craniosacral system because it consists of the cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral spinal cord

Question 17

how are the ganglia in the parasympathetic nervous system arranged?

Answer 17

long preganglionic axons extend from the spinal cord to parasympathetic ganglia close to each internal organ and then postganglionic fibers extend from the parasympathetic ganglia into the organs themselves

Question 18

Motor nerves leave from which side of the spinal cord, dorsal or ventral?

Answer 18

Ventral

Question 18

what are the three major divisions of the brain?

Answer 18

1. Hindbrain 2. Midbrain 3. Forebrain

Question 19

Which functions are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 19

The sympathetic nervous system prepares the organs for vigorous fight-or-flight activity

Question 20

Which are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 20

The parasympathetic system increases vegetative responses such as digestion.

Question 21

what is the greek name for the hindbrain?

Answer 21

rhombencephalon

Question 22

what does the hindbrain consist of?

Answer 22

1. Medulla 2. Pons 3. Cerebellum

Question 22

what is the greek name for the midbrain?

Answer 22

mesencephalon

Question 22

what are the greek names for the forebrain?

Answer 22

prosencephalon Diencephalon Telencephalon

Question 23

what parts of the brain constitutes the brainstem?

Answer 23

1. Medulla 2. Pons 3. Midbrain 4. Certain central structures of the forebrain

Question 24

what are the major structures for the FOREBRAIN?

Answer 24

1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Cerebral cortex 4. Hippocampus 5. Basal Ganglia

Question 25

what are the major structures for the MIDBRAIN?

Answer 25

1. Tectum 2. Tegmentum 3. Superior Colliculus 4. Inferior Colliculus 5. Substantia Nigra

Question 26

this brain structure can be regarded as an enlarged extension of the spinal cord

Answer 26

medulla

Question 27

what do the cranial nerves that originate in the medulla control?

Answer 27

they control vital reflexes such as breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing

Question 28

this brain structure lies ANTERIOR and VENTRAL to the medulla in here, axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord so that the left hemisphere controls the muscles of the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side.

Answer 28

pons

Question 29

this brain structure refers to a large hindbrain structure with many deep folds known for its contributions to the CONTROL OF MOVEMENT important for BALANCE and COORDINATION

Answer 29

Cerebellum

Question 30

what is the roof of the midbrain called?

Answer 30

TECTUM

Question 31

what are the swellings on each side of the tectum called?

Answer 31

1. Superior Colliculus 2. Inferior Colliculus

Question 32

what is the superior colliculus important for?

Answer 32

VISION

Question 33

what is the inferior colliculus important for?

Answer 33

HEARING

Question 34

what brain structure lies under the tectum? intermediate level of the midbrain

Answer 34

TEGMENTUM

Question 35

this midbrain structure gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement

Answer 35

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

Question 36

this division of the brain is the most prominent part of the mammalian brain controls muscles, mostly on the contralateral side, by way of axons to the spinal cord and the cranial nerve nuclei.

Answer 36

FOREBRAIN

Question 37

what is the outer portion of the forebrain called?

Answer 37

CEREBRAL CORTEX

Question 37

what is the limbic system?

Answer 37

several interlinked structures that form a border around the brainstem

Question 38

what brain structures are included in the limbic system?

Answer 38

1. Olfactory Bulb 2. Hypothalamus 3. Hippocampus 4. Amygdala 5. Cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex

Question 39

what is the hypothalamus essential for?

Answer 39

The hypothalamus is essential for control of eating, drinking, temperature control, and reproductive behaviors

Question 40

what is the amygdala important for?

Answer 40

is it most central for evaluating emotional information, especially with regard to fear

Question 41

what are the brain structures that form the diencephalon?

Answer 41

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 42

what does the thalamus do?

Answer 42

the thalamus processes sensory information and sends the output to the cerebral cortex

Question 43

what type of information does not go to thalamus?

Answer 43

OLFACTORY INFORMATION

Question 44

this brain structure refers to a small area near the base of the brain just ventral to the thalamus

Answer 44

HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 45

this term refers to an endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus

Answer 45

pituitary gland

Question 46

what does endocrine mean?

Answer 46

hormone producing

Question 47

what does the pituitary gland do?

Answer 47

the pituitary synthesizes hormones that the blood carries to organs throughout the body.

Question 48

what is the basal ganglia?

Answer 48

a group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus

Question 49

what are the 3 major structures in the basal ganglia?

Answer 49

1. Caudate Nucleus 2. Putamen 3. Globus Pallidus

Question 50

this term refers to one of the structures on the ventral surface of the forebrain that receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex a key part of the brain’s system for arousal, wakefulness, and attention

Answer 50

nucleus basalis

Question 51

this brain structure is located between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex, mostly towards the posterior of the forebrain is critical for certain types of memories, especially memories for individual events is also essential for monitoring where you are and where you are going

Answer 51

hippocampus

Question 52

Of the following, which are in the hindbrain, which in the midbrain, and which in the forebrain: basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla, pituitary gland, pons, substantia nigra, superior and inferior colliculi, tectum, tegmentum, thalamus?

Answer 52

Hindbrain: cerebellum, medulla, and pons Midbrain: substantia nigra, superior and inferior colliculi, tectum, and tegmentum Forebrain: basal ganglia, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary, and thalamus

Question 53

Which area is the main source of input to the cerebral cortex?

Answer 53

Thalamus

Question 54

what are ventricles?

Answer 54

four fluid-filled cavities within the brain

Question 55

what are meninges?

Answer 55

membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Question 56

what produces CSF?

Answer 56

cells called the choroid plexus along the walls of the four ventricles