Chapter 7 (Module 7.1) - The Control of Movement

Question 1

what are the three categories for muscles?

Answer 1

1. Smooth Muscles
2. Skeletal or Striated Muscles
3. Cardiac Muscles

Question 2

this category of muscle controls the digestive system and other organs

Answer 2

smooth muscles

Question 2

this category of muscle controls movement of the body in relation to the environment

Answer 2

skeletal or striated muscles

Question 2

this category of muscle controls the heart

Answer 2

cardiac muscles

Question 2

this type of proprioceptor is a receptor that is parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch

Answer 2

muscle spindle

Question 2

these muscles are used when moving a leg or arm back and forth

Answer 2

antagonistic muscles

Question 2

this term refers to the synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber

Answer 2

neuromuscular junction

Question 2

this muscle brings my hand toward my shoulder

Answer 2

flexorr

Question 3

what does it mean if a process is anaerobic?

Answer 3

it means it is using reactions that do not require oxygen at the time but need oxygen for recovery

Question 3

this muscle straightens my arm

Answer 3

extensor muscle

Question 3

Duck breast muscles are red (“dark meat”), whereas chicken breast muscles are white.

Which species probably can fly for a longer time before fatiguing?

Answer 3

Ducks can fly great distances, as they often do during migration

The white muscle of a chicken breast has the power necessary to get a heavy body off the ground, but it fatigues rapidly . Chickens seldom fly afar

Question 3

Why do we move the eye muscles with greater precision than the biceps muscles?

Answer 3

Each axon to the biceps muscles innervates about a
hundred fibers; therefore, it is not possible to change the
movement by a small amount. In contrast, an axon to
the eye muscles innervates only about three fibers

Question 3

Which transmitter causes a skeletal muscle to contract?

Answer 3

Acetylcholine. And remember that a muscle’s only movement is to contract.

Question 3

In what way are fish movements impaired in cold water?

Answer 3

Although a fish can move rapidly in cold water, it fatigues easily

Question 3

are slow twitch fibers aerobic?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

this reflex is caused by a stretch, it does not produce one

Answer 4

stretch reflex

Question 4

this term refers to a receptor that detects the position or movement of a part of the body

Answer 4

proprioceptor

Question 5

this proprioceptor responds to increases in muscle tensions

Answer 5

golgi tendon organs

Question 6

If you hold your arm straight out and someone pulls it down slightly, it quickly bounces back. Which proprioceptor is responsible?

Answer 6

The muscle spindle

Question 7

this term refers to consistent automatic responses to stimuli

Answer 7

reflexes

Question 7

this term refers to neural mechanisms in the spinal cord that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output

Answer 7

central pattern generators

Question 8

this term refers to a fixed sequence of movements

Answer 8

motor program

Question 8

What is the function of Golgi tendon organ?

Answer 8

Golgi tendon organs respond to muscle tensions and thereby prevent excessively strong muscle contractions

Question 8

what are the two types of proprioceptors that help regulate muscle movements

Answer 8

1. Muscle Spindles
2. Golgi tendon organs