Chapter 3 (Module 3.2) - The Cerebral Cortex

Question 1

what is the most prominent part of the mammalian brain?

Answer 1

cerebral cortex

Question 2

what is gray matter?

Answer 2

the cells on the outer surface of the cerebral cortex

Question 2

what is white matter?

Answer 2

the axons of cells extending inward the cerebral cortex

Question 3

what are the two bundles of axons where neurons in each hemisphere communicate with neurons in the corresponding part of the other hemisphere?

Answer 3

1. Corpus Callosum
2. Anterior Commissure

Question 3

what are laminae?

Answer 3

layers of cell bodies that are parallel to the surface of the cortex and separated from each other by layers of fibers.

Question 3

what Lamina sends long axons to the spinal cord and other distant areas

is thickest in the motor cortex

has the greatest control of the muscles

Answer 3

Lamina V

Question 4

how many laminae does the cerebral cortex contain?

Answer 4

6

Question 4

what Lamina receives axons from the sensory nuclei of the thalamus?

is prominent in the sensory areas of the cortex but absent from the motor cortex

Answer 4

Lamina IV

Question 4

what are the four lobes in the cerebral cortex?

Answer 4

1. Occipital
2. Parietal
3. Temporal
4. Frontal

Question 5

what lobe is considered as the main target for visual information?

Answer 5

Occipital Lobe

Question 5

If several neurons of the visual cortex all respond best when the retina is exposed to horizontal lines of light, then those neurons are probably in the same _____.

Answer 5

Column

Question 6

this area is just posterior to the central sulcus

Answer 6

postcentral gyrus

Question 6

what is the striate cortex known as?

Answer 6

primary visual cortex

Question 7

what is the relation of the visual cortex and the eyes?

Answer 7

the eyes provide the stimulus and the visual cortex provides the experience

Question 8

what lobe lies between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus?

Answer 8

parietal lobe

Question 8

what is the central sulcus?

Answer 8

a deep groove in the surface of the cortex

Question 9

what is the postcentral gyrus also known as?

Answer 9

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 10

what cortex receives sensations from touch receptors, muscle-stretch receptors, and joint receptors?

Answer 10

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 11

what lobe is essential for spatial information and numerical information?

Answer 11

parietal lobe

Question 11

how many bands of cells are included in the postcentral gyrus and what are they for?

Answer 11

4

TWO FOR RECEIVING LIGHT-TOUCH INFORMATOIN

ONE FOR RECEIVING DEEP-PRESSURE INFORMATION

ONE FOR RECEIVING A COMBINATION OF BOTH

Question 12

this lobe is the lateral portion of each hemisphere, near the temples

Answer 12

temporal lobe

Question 13

what lobe is essential for auditory information

it also contributes to complex aspects of vision

is also important for emotional and motivational behaviors

Answer 13

temporal lobe

Question 14

what can a tumor in the temporal lobe cause?

Answer 14

auditory or visual hallucinations

Question 15

what can a tumor in the occipital lobe cause?

Answer 15

it ordinarily causes only simple sensations like flashes of light

Question 16

what lobe contains the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex? extends from the central sulcus to the anterior limit of the brain

Answer 16

frontal lobe

Question 16

what syndrome can be caused by damage to the temporal lobe?

Answer 16

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Question 17

this gyrus is the posterior portion of the frontal lobe is specialized for the control of fine movements

Answer 17

precentral gyrus

Question 17

what is the precentral gyrus also known as?

Answer 17

primary motor cortex

Question 18

is there an area in the motor cortex that only controls a single muscle?

Answer 18

No, most of them overlap

Question 19

this cortex is the most anterior portion of the frontal lobe

Answer 19

prefrontal cortex

Question 20

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary visual cortex?

Answer 20

Occipital Lobe

Question 20

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 20

Temporal Lobe

Question 21

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary somatosensory cortex?

Answer 21

Parietal Lobe

Question 22

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary motor cortex?

Answer 22

Frontal Lobe

Question 23

what is a prefrontal lobotomy?

Answer 23

the surgical disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain

Question 24

what are the three major regions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 24

1. Posterior Portion 2. Middle Zone 3. Anterior Zone

Question 24

what were the common consequences of prefrontal lobotomy?

Answer 24

1. Apathy 2. Loss of the ability to plan and take initiative 3. Memory disorders 4. Distractibility 5. A loss of emotional expressions

Question 25

what is the posterior portion of the prefrontal associated with?

Answer 25

movement

Question 26

what region of the prefrontal cortex pertains to working memory, cognitive control, and emotional reactions?

Answer 26

middle zone

Question 27

what region of the prefrontal cortex is important for making decisions and evaluating which of several courses of action is likely to achieve the best outcome?

Answer 27

anterior zone

Question 28

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 28

The posterior portion contributes to control of movement. The middle portion pertains to working memory, cognitive control, and emotion. The anterior portion compares various types of information for making a decision.

Question 29

What is meant by the binding problem?

Answer 29

The binding problem is the question of how the brain combines activity in different brain areas to produce unified perception and coordinated behavior.

Question 30

what is necessary for binding to occur?

Answer 30

Binding requires identifying the location of an object and perceiving sight, sound, and other aspects of a stimulus as being simultaneous. When the sight and sound appear to come from the same location at the same time, we bind them as a single experience.