Chapter 7 (Module 7.2) - Brain Mechanisms of Movement incomplete (input table)

Question 1

this part of the brain is also known as the precentral gyrus of the frontal cortex

Answer 1

primary motor cortex

Question 2

What aspect of brain anatomy facilitates communication
between body sensations and body movements?

Answer 2

The motor cortex and the somatosensory cortex are 7.
adjacent, and the area of motor cortex devoted to a particular body structure is aligned with the somatosensory cortex area responsive to the same structure

Question 3

What evidence indicates that cortical activity represents
the “idea” of the movement and not just the muscle
contractions?

Answer 3

Activity in the motor cortex leads to a particular outcome,
such as movement of the hand to the mouth, regardless of what muscle contractions are necessary given the hand’s current location.

Question 4

this brain area monitors the position of the body relative to the world

Answer 4

Posterior Parietal Cortex

Question 4

How does the posterior parietal cortex contribute to movement?

Answer 4

The posterior parietal cortex is important for perceiving the location of objects and the position of the body
relative to the environment.

ALSO ACTIVE FOR PLANNING A MOVEMENT

Question 4

this brain areas are important for planning and organizing a rapid sequence of movements

Answer 4

prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor cortex

Question 4

this brain area stores sensory information relevant to a movement

Answer 4

prefrontal cortex

Question 5

this brain area is most active immediately before a movement

Answer 5

premotor cortex

Question 5

How does the premotor cortex contribute to movement?

Answer 5

The premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex are also active in preparing a movement shortly before it occurs

Question 6

How does the supplementary motor cortex contribute to movement?

Answer 6

The supplementary motor cortex inhibits a habitual action when it is inappropriate.

Question 7

How does the prefrontal cortex contribute to movement?

Answer 7

The prefrontal cortex stores sensory information
relevant to a movement and considers possible
outcomes of a movement.

Question 8

this term refers to a voluntary eye movement from one target to another

Answer 8

saccadde

Question 9

When expert pianists listen to familiar, well-practiced music, they imagine the finger movements, and the finger area of their motor cortex becomes active, even if they are not moving their fingers (Haueisen & Knösche, 2001).

If we regard those neurons as another kind of mirror neuron, what do these results imply about the origin of mirror neurons?

Answer 9

These neurons must have acquired these properties
through experience.

That is, they did not enable pianists to copy what they hear. They developed as pianists learned to copy what they hear.

Question 10

this term refers to the paths from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

Answer 10

corticospinal tracts

Question 11

what are the two type of corticospinal tracts?

Answer 11

1. Lateral Corticospinal Tract
2. Medial Corticospinal Tract

Question 12

this type of corticospinal tract is a pathway of axons
from the primary motor cortex, surrounding areas of the cortex, and from the red nucleus, a midbrain area that controls certain aspects of movement

Answer 12

lateral corticospinal tract

Question 13

this type of corticospinal tract includes axons from
many parts of the cerebral cortex, not just the primary motor cortex and its surrounding areas.

Answer 13

medial corticospinal tract

Question 14

this brain receives input from the vestibular system

Answer 14

vestibular nucleus

Question 15

What kinds of movements does the lateral tract control?

The medial tract?

Answer 15

The lateral tract controls detailed movements in the periphery on the contralateral side of the body.

For example, the lateral tract from the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.

The medial tract controls trunk movements bilaterally.

Question 16

this neuron in cerebellar cortex are flat cells in sequential planes, parallel to one another

Answer 16

Purkinje Cells

Question 16

What kind of perceptual task would be most impaired by damage to the cerebellum?

Answer 16

Damage to the cerebellum impairs perceptual tasks that depend on accurate timing.

Question 16

these neurons in the cerebellar cortex are axons parallel to one another and perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells

Answer 16

parallel fibers

Question 17

this term applies collectively to a group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain

Answer 17

basal ganglia

Question 17

this term refers to the cluster of cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum

Answer 17

nuclei of the cerebellum

Question 18

what are the structures part of the basal ganglia?

Answer 18

1. Caudate Nucleus 2. Putamen 3. Globus Pallidus

Question 19

What kind of learning depends most heavily on the basal ganglia?

Answer 19

The basal ganglia are essential for learning motor habits that are difficult to describe in words.

Question 19

what are the caudate nucleus and putamen known as when they are put together?

Answer 19

striatum or dorsal striatum

Question 20

In general, do the basal ganglia have more effect on responses to a stimulus or on self-initiated movements?

Answer 20

The basal ganglia have more influence on self-initiated movements, which are generally slower

Question 20

Which aspect of movement do the basal ganglia control?

Answer 20

The basal ganglia control the vigor of movements.

Question 21

this term refers to a kind of activity the our motor cortex produces before any voluntary movement

Answer 21

readiness potential

Question 21

Explain the evidence suggesting that a conscious decision to move does not cause the movement Why are some researchers skeptical of this evidence?

Answer 21

Researchers recorded responses in people’s cortex that predicted the upcoming response. Those brain responses occurred earlier than the time people reported as “when they made the decision" The studies assume that people accurately report the times of their intentions. However, people’s reports are influenced by events after the movement, and therefore we cannot be confident of their accuracy. Furthermore, a decision to make a voluntary movement is a gradual process that cannot be pinpointed to a single instant.