Chapter 3: Movement

Question 1

brain and spinal cord forms

Answer 1

central nervous system

Question 2

attach to the skeleton and span the joints, the sites where two or more bones come together

Answer 2

muscles

Question 3

muscles that bend a joint bringing the bones closer together

Answer 3

flexors

Question 4

muscles that straighten the joint, increasing the angle between the bones

Answer 4

extensors

Question 5

these two muscles work in opposition

Answer 5

flexors and extensors

Question 6

muscles that promote movement

Answer 6

agonists

Question 7

muscles that stop movement of the agonists

Answer 7

antagonists

Question 8

agonists and opposing antagonists contract at the same time

Answer 8

co-contraction

Question 9

system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles

Answer 9

central nervous

Question 10

neuron that controls muscle fibers

Answer 10

alpha motor neurons

Question 11

muscle fibers that form a functional unit

Answer 11

motor unit

Question 12

a disease where motor neurons die

Answer 12

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Question 13

type of involuntary movement

Answer 13

reflexes

Question 14

best known reflex

Answer 14

knee jerk

Question 15

stretch reflex is also called

Answer 15

myotatic reflex

Question 16

tap below the knee with a small rubber produces a slight stretch of the

Answer 16

knee extensor muscle

Question 17

stretch of the knee extensor muscle is sensed within the

Answer 17

muscle spindles

Question 18

where are the senses in the spindles sent to to get to the brain

Answer 18

by the spinal cord to the brain

Question 19

for the knee jerk response to go through

Answer 19

the antagonist flexor muscle must relax

Question 20

set of neurons the brain uses to adjust sensitivity of the system

Answer 20

gamma motor neurons

Question 21

receptors located where muscle fibers connect to the tendon

Answer 21

Golgi tendon organs

Question 22

detect how much force or tension is applied to a muscle during ongoing movement

Answer 22

Golgi tendon organs

Question 23

part of the brain essential for voluntary movement

Answer 23

motor cortex

Question 24

regions of the brain also used to control complex or skilled voluntary movements

Answer 24

basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and neuron groups located within midbrain and brainstem

Question 25

degeneration of neurons in a brain region called the substantia nigra

Answer 25

Parkinson’s disease

Question 26

neurons send signals to basal ganglia using

Answer 26

neurotransmitter dopamine

Question 27

symptoms of Parkinson’s

Answer 27

depletion of dopamine, tremor, rigidity

Question 28

uncontrolled jerking or twitching movements

Answer 28

Huntington’s disease

Question 29

symptoms of Huntington’s stem from

Answer 29

loss of inhibitory neurons in the basal ganglia

Question 30

area of the brain crucial for coordinating and fine-tuning skilled movement

Answer 30

cerebellum

Question 31

receives direct input from sensory receptors in the limbs and heads

Answer 31

cerebellym

Question 32

poor coordination, disorders of balance, and difficulties of speech are caused by disturbance of

Answer 32

cerebellar function

Question 33

long-term alcohol abuse is a common cause of

Answer 33

acquired cerebellar degeneration