Chapter 4: Learning, Memory, and Emotions

Question 1

what parts of HM’s brain were removed during his surgery

Answer 1

sections of his medial temporal lobes (including most of his two hippocampi)

Question 2

what condition did HM get left with after his surgery

Answer 2

amnesia

Question 3

declarative memory

Answer 3

memory for facts, data, and events

Question 4

two types of declarative memories

Answer 4

episodic or semantic

Question 5

semantic memories

Answer 5

cultural knowledge, ideas, and concepts you’ve learned through life

Question 6

episodic memories

Answer 6

unique representations of your personal experiences

Question 7

portion of the hippocampus responsible for memories of events

Answer 7

dentate gyrus

Question 8

what structure in the brain mediates emotional significance of memories

Answer 8

amygdala

Question 9

what nut does the amygdala look like

Answer 9

almonds

Question 10

what type of human response does the amygdala mediate

Answer 10

fight or flight

Question 11

what region of the brain helps the hippocampus with episodic memories

Answer 11

parahippocampal

Question 12

working memory

Answer 12

temporary type of declarative memory

Question 13

short-term memory

Answer 13

helps you remember stuff for a short period of time

Question 14

prefrontal cortex abbreviation

Answer 14

PFC

Question 15

what region helps working memory

Answer 15

prefrontal cortex

Question 16

other functions of the prefrontal cortex

Answer 16

attention, decision making, and long term planning

Question 17

when is the PFC most active

Answer 17

when people are trying to keep something in their mind ( like a phone number)

Question 18

spatial memory

Answer 18

processes information about things and places around you

Question 19

what region of the brain lights up when you move through a familiar place

Answer 19

hippocampus

Question 20

where are grid cells located

Answer 20

entorhinal cortex

Question 21

what do grid cells help to do

Answer 21

they represent coordinates that allow the brain to track your position in space when landmarks are absent

Question 22

nondeclarative memory

Answer 22

the memory used when you practice skills you’ve had for a long time

Question 23

what is non-declarative also called

Answer 23

implicit or procedural memory

Question 24

what three regions of the brain involves motor skill

Answer 24

basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and the cerebellum

Question 25

ability of synapses to remodel themselves

Answer 25

synaptic plasticity

Question 26

presynaptic neuron

Answer 26

sending neuron

Question 27

presynaptic neuron functions

Answer 27

transforms an electrical signal into the release of chemical messengers that diffuse along the synaptic gap to the post-synaptic neuron

Question 28

what does the membrane of post-synaptic neurons contain

Answer 28

proteins called receptors

Question 29

what do the proteins of postsynaptic neurons do

Answer 29

interact with neurotransmitters

Question 30

what happens when proteins bind with neurotransmitters

Answer 30

they release the neurotransmitters and convert the messages into electrical signals

Question 31

what two types of receptors are critical for the creation of long-term memories

Answer 31

n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) cAMP- response element binding protein (CREB)

Question 32

what two processes are key for synaptic plasticity

Answer 32

long-term potentiation (LTP) long-term depression (LTD)

Question 33

long term potentiation

Answer 33

long-lasting increase in synaptic strength in the hippocampus

Question 34

long term depression

Answer 34

decreases synapses' effectiveness

Question 35

through what process does our brain change

Answer 35

LTP

Question 36

what process is critical for long-term memory consolidation

Answer 36

LTP

Question 37

most common neurotransmitter

Answer 37

glutamate

Question 38

what classes of glutamate receptors are ion channels

Answer 38

NMDA and AMPA (amino hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid

Question 39

what happens when receptors bind

Answer 39

allow calcium and sodium ions to flow into a cell

Question 40

what strengthens a synapse

Answer 40

increasing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic cell

Question 41

what type of ion functions as a second messenger

Answer 41

calcium

Question 42

what boosts the concentration of calcium ions inside a postsynaptic cell

Answer 42

LTP

Question 43

what depletes the concentration of calcium ions inside the cell

Answer 43

LTD

Question 44

neurotrophins

Answer 44

stimulate the growth of the synapse and structural elements, stabilizing increased sensitivity to neurotransmitters

Question 45

who identified the six basic emotions

Answer 45

Paul Ekman

Question 46

what brain structures are most closely linked with emotions

Answer 46

amydala, insula or insular cortex, and the periaqueductal gray (located in the mid brain)

Question 47

where is the periaqueductal gray located in

Answer 47

midbrain

Question 48

from what regions do neurons project into the periaqueductal gray

Answer 48

from the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and insula

Question 49

what structure in the brain integrates emotions, emotion, fear, and friends

Answer 49

amydgdala

Question 50

what type of learning is dependent on the amygdala

Answer 50

classical conditioning

Question 51

classical conditioning

Answer 51

associating a stimulus with reward or punishment

Question 52

through which structure do you experience disgust

Answer 52

insula

Question 53

through which structure do you experience pain

Answer 53

insula

Question 54

structure tied to pain perception and stress response

Answer 54

periaqueductal gray

Question 55

receptors for analgesics are located in the

Answer 55

periqueductal gray

Question 56

what is the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible for

Answer 56

self-regulation

Question 57

reward pathway

Answer 57

hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex

Question 58

reward pathway

Answer 58

mesolimbic pathway

Question 59

what is the mesolimbic pathway a major pathway for

Answer 59

dopamine

Question 60

what area in the brain does the mesolimbic pathway link

Answer 60

ventral tegmental area in the midbrain

Question 61

what is the nucleus accumbens involved in

Answer 61

cognitive processing of rewards and motivation

Question 62

what two areas in the brain are known to impact motivation and reward

Answer 62

striatum and prefrontal cortex

Question 63

major node in reward circuitry

Answer 63

lateral habenula