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Brain Bee Review > Chapter 4: Learning, Memory, and Emotions > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Learning, Memory, and Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

what parts of HM’s brain were removed during his surgery

A

sections of his medial temporal lobes (including most of his two hippocampi)

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2
Q

what condition did HM get left with after his surgery

A

amnesia

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3
Q

declarative memory

A

memory for facts, data, and events

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4
Q

two types of declarative memories

A

episodic or semantic

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5
Q

semantic memories

A

cultural knowledge, ideas, and concepts you’ve learned through life

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6
Q

episodic memories

A

unique representations of your personal experiences

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7
Q

portion of the hippocampus responsible for memories of events

A

dentate gyrus

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8
Q

what structure in the brain mediates emotional significance of memories

A

amygdala

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9
Q

what nut does the amygdala look like

A

almonds

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10
Q

what type of human response does the amygdala mediate

A

fight or flight

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11
Q

what region of the brain helps the hippocampus with episodic memories

A

parahippocampal

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12
Q

working memory

A

temporary type of declarative memory

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13
Q

short-term memory

A

helps you remember stuff for a short period of time

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14
Q

prefrontal cortex abbreviation

A

PFC

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15
Q

what region helps working memory

A

prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

other functions of the prefrontal cortex

A

attention, decision making, and long term planning

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17
Q

when is the PFC most active

A

when people are trying to keep something in their mind ( like a phone number)

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18
Q

spatial memory

A

processes information about things and places around you

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19
Q

what region of the brain lights up when you move through a familiar place

A

hippocampus

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20
Q

where are grid cells located

A

entorhinal cortex

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21
Q

what do grid cells help to do

A

they represent coordinates that allow the brain to track your position in space when landmarks are absent

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22
Q

nondeclarative memory

A

the memory used when you practice skills you’ve had for a long time

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23
Q

what is non-declarative also called

A

implicit or procedural memory

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24
Q

what three regions of the brain involves motor skill

A

basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and the cerebellum

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25
Q

ability of synapses to remodel themselves

A

synaptic plasticity

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26
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

sending neuron

27
Q

presynaptic neuron functions

A

transforms an electrical signal into the release of chemical messengers that diffuse along the synaptic gap to the post-synaptic neuron

28
Q

what does the membrane of post-synaptic neurons contain

A

proteins called receptors

29
Q

what do the proteins of postsynaptic neurons do

A

interact with neurotransmitters

30
Q

what happens when proteins bind with neurotransmitters

A

they release the neurotransmitters and convert the messages into electrical signals

31
Q

what two types of receptors are critical for the creation of long-term memories

A

n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)
cAMP- response element binding protein (CREB)

32
Q

what two processes are key for synaptic plasticity

A

long-term potentiation (LTP)
long-term depression (LTD)

33
Q

long term potentiation

A

long-lasting increase in synaptic strength in the hippocampus

34
Q

long term depression

A

decreases synapses’ effectiveness

35
Q

through what process does our brain change

A

LTP

36
Q

what process is critical for long-term memory consolidation

A

LTP

37
Q

most common neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

38
Q

what classes of glutamate receptors are ion channels

A

NMDA and AMPA (amino hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid

39
Q

what happens when receptors bind

A

allow calcium and sodium ions to flow into a cell

40
Q

what strengthens a synapse

A

increasing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic cell

41
Q

what type of ion functions as a second messenger

A

calcium

42
Q

what boosts the concentration of calcium ions inside a postsynaptic cell

A

LTP

43
Q

what depletes the concentration of calcium ions inside the cell

A

LTD

44
Q

neurotrophins

A

stimulate the growth of the synapse and structural elements, stabilizing increased sensitivity to neurotransmitters

45
Q

who identified the six basic emotions

A

Paul Ekman

46
Q

what brain structures are most closely linked with emotions

A

amydala, insula or insular cortex, and the periaqueductal gray (located in the mid brain)

47
Q

where is the periaqueductal gray located in

A

midbrain

48
Q

from what regions do neurons project into the periaqueductal gray

A

from the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and insula

49
Q

what structure in the brain integrates emotions, emotion, fear, and friends

A

amydgdala

50
Q

what type of learning is dependent on the amygdala

A

classical conditioning

51
Q

classical conditioning

A

associating a stimulus with reward or punishment

52
Q

through which structure do you experience disgust

A

insula

53
Q

through which structure do you experience pain

A

insula

54
Q

structure tied to pain perception and stress response

A

periaqueductal gray

55
Q

receptors for analgesics are located in the

A

periqueductal gray

56
Q

what is the lateral prefrontal cortex responsible for

A

self-regulation

57
Q

reward pathway

A

hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex

58
Q

reward pathway

A

mesolimbic pathway

59
Q

what is the mesolimbic pathway a major pathway for

A

dopamine

60
Q

what area in the brain does the mesolimbic pathway link

A

ventral tegmental area in the midbrain

61
Q

what is the nucleus accumbens involved in

A

cognitive processing of rewards and motivation

62
Q

what two areas in the brain are known to impact motivation and reward

A

striatum and prefrontal cortex

63
Q

major node in reward circuitry

A

lateral habenula

Brain Bee Review (9 decks)

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