Chapter 3: Social Beliefs and Judgements Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
Brain Systems: Involuntary (Rabbit) System
A
- Effortless
- Fast
- Intuition
- Involuntary Control
- Many of our judgements come from this one
- Occasionally makes errors in perception
2
Q
Brain Systems: Voluntary (Turtle) System
A
- Analytical
- Constructed Thoughts
- Concentration
- Effort
- Reason
- Patience
3
Q
Priming
A
- System 1
- Activating specific memory associations
- Influence certain thoughts and actions
- Bells that only “subconscious butlers” can hear
4
Q
Embodied Cognition
A
- The 3-way street of body sensation, cognitive preferences, and social judgements
- Wobbly chair = unstable relationship
5
Q
Intuitive Judgements
A
- We have innate trust in our system 1
- Most of our behavior is unconscious (system 1)
- Unconscious intuitions are not better than thought out conclusions
6
Q
Power of Intuition: Automatic Processing
A
Subconscious thoughts that are effortless and habitual - correlates to our intuition (System 1) (driving etc.)
7
Q
Power of Intuition: Controlled Processing
A
Conscious thoughts that are deliberate (System 2)
8
Q
Automatic Processing: Schemas
A
Mental templates formed over time that guide our perceptions
9
Q
Automatic Processing: Emotional Reactions
A
Instant reactions from our thalamus (sense switchboard) to our amygdala (emotional control) before the cortex can process events
10
Q
Automatic Processing: Blindsight
A
Functionally blind people may implicitly comprehend visual info
11
Q
Automatic Processing: Subliminal Perception
A
Seeing something negative makes us feel ashamed without realizing it
12
Q
Intuition Limits
A
- Subliminal stimuli barely effect our feelings
- We have error-prone hindsight
- Low capacity for illusions
- We create reasons for our intuitive actions
13
Q
Overconfidence Phenomenon
A
- We tend to be more confident in our beliefs than correct
- This is true of facts, judgments of others and their behavior, and our own behavior
- Result of incompetence and underestimation of situational forces
14
Q
Kahneman and Tversky: Optimal Challenge
A
- We want a challenge, but not too difficult
- This is fueled by our overconfidence
- Incompetence feeds overcondifence
15
Q
Confirmation Bias
A
The tendency to seek info that confirms our beliefs (system 1)
16
Q
Confirmation Bias: Ideological Echo Chambers
A
Surrounding yourself with opinions that align with your own
17
Q
Confirmation Bias: Seeking Feedback
A
- We seek feedback that affirms our self-beliefs (positive or negative)
- People like others who see them as they see themselves
18
Q
Confidence in Intuition VS Statistical Prediction
A
- Trust our decisions more than data
- Intuition is less reliable than stats
- Even when experts are given data, they still can’t use it to make more accurate predictions
19
Q
Remedies for Overconfidence
A
- Prompt Feedback on behaviour
- Consider Disconfirming Info
20
Q
Heuristics
A
Thinking strategies that enable quicker judgements
21
Q
Representative Heuristic
A
Making judgements about the probability of an event without evidence
22
Q
Availability Heuristic
A
Things seem more likely when they come to mind easily
23
Q
Availability Heuristic: Probability Neglect
A
Availability Heuristics make us more scared of stories than actual data
24
Q
Counterfactual Thinking
A
- The tendency to imagine how scenarios could have gone differently
- Causes our feelings of luck
- We feel worse when we barely don’t achieve something than when we easily achieve something worse (2nd vs 3rd place)
25
Illusory Thinking: Illusory Correlation
The tendency to correlate circumstantial things, especially when we expect them to be correlated (confirmation bias)
26
Illusory Thinking: Gambling
People bet more when they feel they have control - wins are skill while losses are flukes
27
Illusory Thinkning: Illusion of Control
The perception of events as controllable even when they are out of your control
28
Moods & Judgement: Unhappy People
- Tend to brood
- More understandable and controlled
29
Moods and Judgement: Happy People
- Tend to be positive
30
Moods and Judgement: Past behavior
- Good mood causes happier perception of past behavior
- Bad mood does the opposite
- If we acknowledge our mood, we can help shift these perspectives
31
Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Events
- First impressions (system 1) are generally good
- Beliefs and schemas shape how we perceive events
32
Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Politics
- We tend to view those we disagree with as having biased opinions
- Debates with no clear winner tend to reinforce positions on both sides
33
Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Belief Perseverance
- We tend to keep our initial beliefs, even when discredited
- Even when a belief was planted by experimenters, 75% of participants held onto it
- Once we explain our beliefs, we are more likely to hold them
- Explanations can help understanding, but can also trap our beliefs
34
Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Memories
- Memories aren't preserved but constructed from our current feelings and fragments
- We often revise these to fit our current knowledge (after-the-fact judgements)
35
Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Misinformation Effect
- We often incorporate "misinformation" into our memory after being fed false info about this event
- COMPLIANT CONFESSIONS happen when accused are sleep deprived and manipulated
36
Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Reconstructing Past Attitudes
- People tend to filter out unpleasant events in pleasant experiences, or vice versa
- This can turn into a feedback loop, since everytime you remember something it reinforces your feelings about it and you remember it better or worse
37
Perceiving Our Social Worlds: Reconstructing Past Behavior
- We tend to shift memories toward us succeeding
- We have a TOTALITARIAN EGO that reconstructs the past to point out these successes
38
Explaining Our Social Worlds: Attributing Causality
- We analyze negative behavior from others more closely
- Happy partners attribute actions to situational factors, while unhappy ones attribute them to personal vendettas
39
Explaining Our Social Worlds: Misattribution
We often attribute behavior inaccurately
40
Explaining Our Social Worlds: Attribution Theory
Analyzes how we explain people's behavior and what we infer from it
41
Explaining Our Social Worlds: Dispositional Attribution
(Internal Cause) We attribute actions to person's disposition
42
Explaining Our Social Worlds: Situational Attribution
(External Cause) We attribute actions to a person's situation
43
Explaining Our Social Worlds: Inferring Traits
Inference can happen when someone acts outside of the norm in a situation
44
Explaining Our Social Worlds: Spontaneous Trait inference
We subconsciously infer traits when perceiving behavior
45
Fundamental Attribution Error
- We tend to overestimate dispositional influences on others behavior
- AKA correspondence bias
- We even underestimate our own effect on behavior
- We don't do this to ourselves
46
FAE: Perspective & Situational Awareness
- The environment informs our perceptions
- Others are part of the environment
- We usually understand environmental factors on our own behavior
- We usually get better insight with time
47
FAE: Camera Perspective Bias
- Interview footage is biased based on who the camera shows
- We find causes where we look for them
48
FAE: Cultural Differences
- Individualist cultures are more likely to perform the FAE
49
Social Beliefs: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
- Beliefs that cause an outcome that confirms the belief
- BEHAVIOURAL CONFIRMATION: When prepared to think a certain way about someone, we will notice these things more than others
50
Social Beliefs: Experimenter Bias
Research participants will follow DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS given by researchers that can affect data
51
Social Beliefs: Teacher Bias
Teacher expectations affect the attention they give - students that get more attention have more opportunities which affirms the teachers expectations
