Chapter 31 Fungi

Question 1

What is fungi?

Answer 1

Heterotrophs that feed by absorption (outside of their bodies); break down organic material and recycle vital nutrietns

Question 2

Mycorrhizal

Answer 2

Mutualistic association between plants and bacteria/fungi

Question 3

What is the body structure of fungi?

Answer 3

Multicellular filaments or unicellular (yeast)

Question 4

What does the morphology of multicellular fungi do?

Answer 4

Enhances their ability to absorb nutrients

Question 5

How is fungi’s hyphae divied?

Answer 5

Usually divided into cells by the septa.

Question 6

What is septa?

Answer 6

A septate hypha that has a cell wall, septum, pores, and nuclei

Question 7

What is coenocytic fungi?

Answer 7

Fungi that lacks septa and has a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei

• only has a cell wall and nuclei

Question 8

What is ectomycorrhizal fungi?

Answer 8

Fungi that forms sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex

Question 9

What is arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi?

Answer 9

Fungi that extends hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane

Question 10

What does mycorrhizal fungi give to plants?

Answer 10

Gives it phosphate ions and minerals

Question 11

What is plasmogamy?

Answer 11

fusion of cytoplasm

Question 12

what is karyogamy?

Answer 12

fusion of nuclei that produces a zygote

Question 13

what is heterokaryotic stage?

Answer 13

A stage that happens between the plasmogamy and karyogamy.

Question 14

What does fungi use pheromones (signaling molecules) for?

Answer 14

To communicate their mating type

Question 15

Heterokaryon

Answer 15

Haploid nuclei from each parent that don’t fuse right away; coexists in the mycelium

Question 16

Dikaryotic

Answer 16

Haploid nuclei pair of two to a cell; also known as mycelium

Question 17

What happens during karyogamy?

Answer 17

Haploid nuclei fuse which produces diploid cells

The diploid cells then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores

Question 18

Deuteromycetes

Answer 18

Molds and yeasts that have no known sexual stage

Question 19

What is the ancestor of fungi?

Answer 19

An aquatic, single-celled flagellated protists

Most closely related to multicellular nucleariids

Question 20

Chystrids

Answer 20

Found in terrestrial, freshwater habitats that includes hydrothermal vents; unique due to having flagellated spores (zoospores)

Question 21

Zygomycetes

Answer 21

Exhibit great diversity of life histories that includes fast growing molds and parasites

Example: black bread mold (“Rhizopus stolonifer”)

Question 22

Important features of zygomycetes

Answer 22

Named for their sexually produced zygosporangia

• resistant to freezing and drying, can survive unfavorable conditions

Question 23

Mycosis

Answer 23

General term for a fungal infection in animals

Question 24

Practical uses of fungi

Answer 24

• Making cheese
• alcoholic beverages
• Bread
• Antibiotics

Question 25

Basidiomycetes

Answer 25

Includes mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi - some form mycorrhizal while others form plant parasites

Question 25

Basidiospores

Answer 25

Numerous basidia in a basidiocarp are sources of the sexual spores

Question 25

What are some roles of fungi?

Answer 25

- decomposers - mutualists

Question 25

Are fungi parasites?

Answer 25

Yes, some of them are and can be toxic to humans

Question 26

Baridium?

Answer 26

Transient diploid stage in the life cycle that's a clublike structure - phylum is defined by this

Question 26

What are conidia

Answer 26

Asexual spores that ascomycetes can reproduce

Question 26

Basidiocarps

Answer 26

Elaborate fruiting bodies produced by mycelium that reproduce sexuually examoke: mushrooms

Question 26

Glomeromycetes

Answer 26

Classified in a separate clade but once were considered zygomycetes - forms arbuscular mycorrhizae

Question 26

Ascomycetes

Answer 26

Lives in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats - called sac fungi -produce sexual spores in saclike asci

Question 27

Endophytes

Answer 27

Fungi that lives inside leaves or other plant parts

Question 28

Fungi-animal mutualism

Answer 28

fungi share their digestive services with animals by helping to break down food material

Question 29

Lichen

Answer 29

A symbiotic association b/w a photosynthetic microogranism and a fungus

Question 30

Soredia

Answer 30

Small clusters of hyphae w/ embedded algae