Chp 34 part 2 Flashcards by India Davis

What does amphibian mean?

Means “both ways of life,” referring to the metamorphosis of an aquatic larva into a terrestrial adult

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What are tadpoles?

Herbivores that lack legs, but legs, lungs, external eardrums, and adaptations for carnivory may all arise during metamorphosis

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Fertilization for amphibians

Fertilization is external and require a moist environment
In some species, male or females care for the eggs on their back, in their mouth, or in their stomach

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What are the causes of amphibian decline?

disease causing chytrid fungus
habitat loss
-climate change
pollution

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What are amniotes ?

Group of tetrapods who living members are reptiles, including birds, and mammals that have a terrestrially adapted egg

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What is the amniotic egg?

A derived characteristic of amniotes in which the egg contains membranes that protect the embryo

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What are the extraembryonic membranes in the amniotic egg? (4)

Amnion
Chorion
Yolk Sac
Allantois

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What are other terrestrial adaptions of amniotes?

Relatively impermeable skin
Ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs

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What consists of the reptile clade? (7)

Tuataras
Lizards
Snakes
Turtles
Crocodilians
Birds
Some extinct groups

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What are most reptiles?

Ectothermic: Absorbing external heat as the main source of body heat

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What are birds?

Endothermic: Capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolism

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How do ectotherms regulate their body temp?

Thru behavioral adaptations

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What are the first major group of reptiles?

Parareptiles: Large, stocky quadrupedal herbivores

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What were the next group after parareptiles? What are the 2 main lineages of this group?

Next up were the diapsids.

2 lineages: Lepidosaurs and Archosaurs

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What do lepidosaurs include?

Tautaras
Lizards
Snakes
Extinct Mososaurds

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What do archosaurs consist of?

Crocodilians
Pterosaurs
Dinosaurs

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What were the first tetrapods to exhibit flight?

Pterosaurs

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What does Pterosaurs include?

Includes bipedal carnivores called Theropods: group from which birds descended

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What are characteristics of turtles?

Boxlike shell made up of upper and lower shields
Shell is fused to vertebrae, clavicle, and ribs
Some adapted to land while others adapted to aquatic environments

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What are the surviving lineage of Lepidosaurs?

Tuataras
Squamates
Lizards
Snakes

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What are characteristics of snakes? (6)

Has chemical sensors
Heat detecting organs
Venom
Loosely articulated jawbones and elastic skin
Carnivorous
Legless lepidosaurs

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Where are living crocodilians restricted to?

Restricted to warm regions

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What are derived characteristics of birds? 6

Had adaptations that facilitate flight
Wings with keratin feathers
Lack of urinary bladder
Females with only one ovary
Small gonads
Loss of teeth

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What is the oldest bird known?

Archaeopteryx

What clade does living birds belong to?

Neornithes

What group of birds are flightless? (3)

- Ratites (order Struthioniformes) - Penguins (order Sphenisciformes) - Certain species of rails, ducks, and pigeons

How can be bird species be distinguished? (6)

- Profile - Color - Flying style - Behavior - Beak shape - Foot structure

What are mammals?

Amniotes that have hair and produce milk

What are the derived characteristics of mammals? (5)

- Mammary glands, which produce milk - Hair - A high metabolic rate, due to endothermy - A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size -Differentiated teeth

What are synapsids?

Two bones that formerly made up the jaw joint were incorporated into the mammalian middle ear

In the early Cretaceous period, what 3 living lineages of mammals emerge?

- monotremes - marsupials - eutherians

What are monotremes?

- small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus

What are marsupials? (3)

- opossums kangaroos koalas

Where does the marsupial embryo develop?

Develop within a placenta in the mother's uterus.

What is a marsupium?

Maternal pouch of marsupials

What are eutherians?

Placental mammals that complete their embryonic development within a uterus that's connected to the placenta

What does the mammalian order Primates include? (4)

- Lemurs - Tarsiers - Monkeys - Apes --> Humans are apart of this

What are derived characteristics of primates? (6)

- Hands and feet adapted for grasping - Flat nails - large brain and short jaws - Fully opposable thumb (monkeys and apes) - Complex social behavior/parental care - Forward looking eye close together for depth preception

What are the 3 main groups of living primates?

- lemurs, lorises, and bush babies - Tarsiers - Anthropoids --> Monkeys and apes

Are tarsiers more closely related to anthropoids or to lemurs?

Closely related to anthropoids

Which came first monkeys or apes?

Monkeys

What does the apes group consist of? (6)

- Gibbons - Orangutans - Gorillas - Chimpanzees - Bonobos - Humans

What are humans?

Mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion

What are derived characteristics of humans?

- Upright posture and bipedal locomotion - Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools - Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles - Shorter digestive tract

How closely related are human and chimpanzee genomes?

99% closely related

What is paleonthropology?

Study of human origins

Are hominins (formerly known as hominids) more closely related to humans or chimpanzees?

Humans

What does early hominins show evidence of?

- small brains - increasing bipedalism

What is one misconception of hominins? What is the correct fact?

Misconception: Early hominins were chimpanzees Correction: Hominins and chimpanzees share a common ancestor

What is the second misconception of hominins? What is the correct fact?

Misconception: Human evolution is like a ladder leading directly to Homo sapiens Correction: Hominin evolution included many branches or coexisting species, though only humans survive today

What are australopiths?

Paraphyletic assemblage of hominins - some walked fully erect

Difference b/w Robust and Gracile Australopiths

Robust: Had sturdy skills and powerful jaws Gracile: More slender and had lighter jaws

What does fossil evidence indicate about too use?

May have originated before the evolution of large brains

What are the Homo groups?

Homo habilis - Handy man Homo ergaster -> First fully bipedal, large-brained hominid; decrease in sexual dimorphism (more difference b/w sexes) Home erectus -> First hominin to leave Africa Homo neanderthalensis Homo sapiens

What are Neanderthals?

Ancestors of humans that were thick-boned with a large brain - Buried their dead - Made hunting tools

What are homo sapiens?

African ancestors of humans *all living humans are descended from here*

What is the new found small hominin?

Homo floresiensis

Homo sapiens were the first group to show what?

Show evidence of symbolic and sophisticated thought