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Abnormal Psychology 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Research Methodology

A

ways of obtaining information about questions

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2
Q

Basic components of a research study

A
  • hypothesis
  • research design
  • dependent variable
  • independent variable
  • internal validity
  • external validity
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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

Educated guess or statement to be tested by research

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4
Q

Research Design

A

Plan of experiment used to test hypotheses

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5
Q

Dependent Variable

A

In an experimental research study, the phenomenon that is measured and expected to be influenced

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6
Q

Independent Variable

A

Phenomenon that is manipulated by the experimenter in a research
study and expected to influence the dependent variable

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7
Q

Internal Validity

A

Extent to which the results of a research study can be attributed to the independent variable after confounding alternative explanations have been ruled out

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8
Q

External Validity

A

Extent to which research study findings generalize, or apply, to people and settings not involved in the study

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9
Q

Confound

A

Any factor occurring in a research study that makes the results uninterpretable because its effects cannot be separated from those of the variables being studied

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10
Q

Control Group

A

Group of individuals in a research study who are similar to the experimental subjects in every way but are not exposed to the treatment received by the experimental group; their presence allows for a comparison of the differential effects of the treatment

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11
Q

Randomization

A

Method for placing individuals into research groups that assure each one of an equal chance of being assigned to any group, to eliminate any systematic differences
across groups

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12
Q

Analogue Model

A

Approaches to research that use subjects who are similar to clinical clients, allowing replication of a clinical problem under controlled conditions

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13
Q

Statistical Significance

A

Probability that obtaining the observed research findings merely by chance is small

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14
Q

Clinical Significance

A

Degree to which research findings have useful and meaningful
applications to real problems

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15
Q

Effect Size

A

Statistical measure that shows the amount of difference among the members of a group in a clinical study

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16
Q

Patient Uniformity Myth

A

Tendency to consider all members of a category as more similar than
they are, ignoring their individual differences (comparing groups by their mean scores)

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17
Q

Case Study Method

A

Research procedure in which a single person or small group is studied in detail. The method does not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships, and
findings can be generalized only with great caution
(ie Freuds psychoanalytical theory)

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18
Q

Problems with the Case Study Method

A

-not scientific
-internal validity
-confounds
-coincidences
-rely to heavily on clinicians observation

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19
Q

Correlation

A

Degree to which two variables are associated, in a positive correlation, the two variables increase or decrease together; in a negative correlation, one variable
decreases as the other increases

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20
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Association between two variables in which one increases as the other
increases/ or they both decrease

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21
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Association between two variables in which one increases as the
other decreases

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22
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

Computed statistic reflecting the strength and direction of any
association between two variables. It can range from +1 to -1, with the strength, and sign reflecting the direction

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23
Q

Epidemiology

A

Psychopathology research method examining the prevalence, Incidence, distribution, and consequences of disorders in populations

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24
Q

Incidence

A

The estimated number of new occurrences/cases during a specific time period

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25
Prevalence
The number of people with a disorder at the same time
26
Experiment Design
Research method that can establish causation by manipulating the independant variable in question and controlling for other alternative explanations of any observed effect
27
Clinical Trial
Experiment used to determine the effectiveness and safety of a treatment
28
Placebo Effect
Behaviour change resulting from the person’s expectation of change rather than from the experimental manipulation itself
29
Placebo Control Group
In outcome experiments, control groups that do not receive the experimental manipulation but are given a similar procedure with an identical expectation of change, allowing the researcher to assess any placebo effect
30
Double Blind Control
Procedure in outcome studies that prevents bias by ensuring that neither the subjects nor the providers of the experimental treatment know who is receiving the treatment and who is receiving the placebo
31
Process Research
Focuses on the mechanisms responsible for behaviour change, or “Why does it work?”
32
Outcome Research
Focuses on the positive and negative effects (results) of the treatment, or “Does it work?”
33
Single-case Experimental Designs
-Research tactic in which an independent variable is manipulated for a single individual, allowing cause-and-effect conclusions, but with limited generalizability (contrast with case study method) -can help explain why people engage in abnormal behaviour
34
Repeated Measures
When responses are measured on more than two occasions (not just before and after intervention) to assess trends
35
Trend
-cause of change -Direction of change of a behavior or behaviors
36
level
degree of behaviour of change
37
factors of repeated measures
- variablitiy (behvaior change from day to day) -level -trend
38
Withdraw Designs
Removing a treatment to note whether it has been effective. In single-case-experimental designs, a behavior is measured (baseline), and an an independent variable is introduced (intervention), and then the intervention is withdrawn. Because the behavior continues to be measured throughout (repeated measurement), any effects of the intervention can be noted. Also called reversal design.
39
Baseline
Measured rate of a behavior before introduction of an intervention that allows comparison and assessment of the effects of the intervention
40
Drug Holiday
periods when the medication is withdrawn so that clinicians can determine whether it is responsible for the treatments effects
41
Multiple Baselines
Single-case experimental design in which measures are taken on two or more behaviors, or on a single behavior in two or more situations. A particular intervention is introduced for each at different times. If behavior change is coincident with each introduction, this is strong evidence the intervention caused the change.
42
Benefits to Multiple Baselines
- improves internal validity -does not require treatment withdraws -resembles natural treatment implementation -stepped care approach
43
Stepped care approach
(different treatments at different steps) Can see what each step does so you can give the best treatment possible & see the impact from multiple treatments ie) 1st step trauma (if that doesn't fix everything) 2nd step addiction (if that doesn't fix everything) 3rd step meds etc...
44
Phenotype
observable characteristics or behaviour of the individual
45
Genotype
Specific genetic makeup of individuals
46
Human Genome Project
Ongoing scientific attempt to develop comprehensive map of hall human genes
47
4 Main Research Strategies for Studying Genetics
family studies, adoption studies, twin studies, and genetic linkage analysis.
48
Family Studies
Genetic studies that examine patterns of traits and behaviors among relatives
48
Adoption Studies
In genetics research, the study of first-degree relatives reared in different families and environments. If they share common characteristics, such as a disorder, this finding suggests that those characteristics have a genetic component.
49
Twin Studies
In genetics research, the comparison of twins with unrelated or less closely related individuals. If twins, particularly monozygotic twins who share identical genotypes, share common characteristics such as a disorder, even if they were reared in different environments, this is strong evidence of genetic involvement in those characteristics
50
Genetic Linkage Analysis
Studies that seek to match the inheritance pattern of a disorder to that of a genetic marker; this helps researchers establish the location of the gene responsible for the disorder
51
Cross-Sectional Design
Methodology to examine a characteristic by comparing different individuals of different ages. (contrasts with longitudinal design)
52
Cohorts
Participants in each age group of a cross-sectional research study
53
Cohort Effect
Observation that people of different age groups also differ in their values and experiences
54
Longitudinal Design
Systematic study of changes in the same individual or group examined over time
55
Cross-generational Effect
Limit to the generalizability of longitudinal research because the group under study may differ from others in culture and experience
56
Sequential Design
Combination of the cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods involving repeated study of different cohorts over time
57
WEIRD experiments
Westernized, Educated, Industrialized, rich, democratic
58
Informed Consent
Ethical requirement whereby research subjects agree to participate in a research study only after they receive full disclosure about the nature of the study and their own role in it
59
REB
Research Ethics Board
60
Assent
if they are 7 years or older they have to consent to being there

Abnormal Psychology 1 (10 decks)

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