Chapter 4 Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
4 Primary Tissue Classes
A
-Epithelial
-Connective
-Muscle
-Nervous
2
Q
Location of Epithelial Tissue
A
-lines or covers body cavities
3
Q
What glands does the Epithelial Tissue contain?
A
-Exocrine Gland
-Endocrine Gland
4
Q
Define apical surface
A
the exterior surface of the body or some internal space
5
Q
Define base surface
A
the bottom edge of the cell or tissue adjacent attach to basement membrane
6
Q
Define polarity
A
structural functional differences between the exposed (apical) and (basal) attached surfaces
7
Q
Characteristics of simple epithelial
A
-One layer of cells
-Named by shapes of cells
-All cells touch basement membrane
8
Q
Characteristics of stratified epithelial
A
-More than one layer of cells
-Name by shape of apical cells
-Some cells rest on top of others and don’t touch basement membrane
9
Q
Epithelium is avascular containing no blood vessels
True or false
A
True
10
Q
Define Sqamous cells
A
flattened and scale like
11
Q
Define Cuboidal cells
A
Boxlike
12
Q
Define Columnar Cells
A
tall and column shaped
13
Q
What classification is this?
A
Simple Squamous Epithelium
14
Q
What classification is this?
A
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
15
Q
What is #1 pointing at?
A
Nucleus
16
Q
What is #2 pointing at?
A
Basement membrane
17
Q
What is #3 pointing at?
A
Connective Tissue
18
Q
What is #1 and 2#?
A
1.) Apical surface
2.) Basal surface
19
Q
What classification is this?
A
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
20
Q
What is highlighted cell called?
A
Cuboidal Cell
21
Q
What is the highlighted empty space called?
A
Lumen
22
Q
What classification is this?
A
Simple Columnar Epithelium
23
Q
Identify #1 and #2
A
1.) Mucus of goblet cell
2.) Microvilli
24
Q
What is highlighted in blue?
A
Goblet cell
25
What is highlighted in blue?
Lumen of jejunum
26
What is highlighted in blue?
Microvilli
27
What is highlighted in blue?
Lamina propria
28
What are stratified epithelia?
Layers of cells ranging from 2 to 20 or more layers.
29
How do the cells in stratified epithelia arrange themselves?
Some cells rest directly on others, with only the deepest layer attaching to the basement membrane.
30
What are the three types of stratified epithelia named for?
They are named for the shapes of their apical surface cells.
31
What are the three types of stratified epithelia?
Stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and stratified columnar (rare).
32
What is the fourth type of stratified epithelium?
Transitional epithelium, which is found in the bladder.
33
What is the most common type of stratified epithelium in the body?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
34
What happens to the deepest basale layers of stratified squamous epithelium?
They undergo continuous mitosis, pushing daughter cells toward the surface.
35
What occurs to the cells as they migrate upward in stratified squamous epithelium?
They become flatter and eventually die, leading to exfoliation or desquamation.
36
What are the two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia?
Keratinized and nonkeratinized.
37
Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?
On the skin surface and is abrasion resistant.
## Footnote
The apical layer is composed of dead cells.
38
What characterizes nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
It lacks a surface layer of dead cells.
## Footnote
The apical layer is composed of live cells.
39
What classification is this?
stratified squamous epithelium
40
Identify #1, #2, & #3
1.) Nuclei
2.) Basement Membrane
3.) Connective Tissue
41
What is stratified cuboidal epithelium?
It consists of two or more cell layers with surface cells that are square or round.
42
What are the functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
It secretes sweat, produces sperm, and produces ovarian hormones.
43
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium located?
It is found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, and seminiferous tubules.
44
What classification is this?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
45
Identify #1, #2, & #3
1.) Goblet Cell
2.) Cilia
3.)Basement Membrane
46
What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
A type of epithelium where cells vary in height.
47
Where do all cells of pseudostratified columnar epithelium rest?
On the basement membrane (basal lamina).
48
Which cells reach the surface in pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Only the tallest cells reach the surface.
49
What gives pseudostratified columnar epithelium its 'pseudo' appearance?
The nuclei of cells lie at different levels above the basement membrane.
50
What impression does pseudostratified columnar epithelium give?
It gives the false impression of several cell layers being present.
51
What is highlighted in blue?
Lumen
52
What is highlighted in blue?
Cilia
53
What is highlighted in blue?
Lamina propria
54
What is highlighted in blue?
Nucleus of basal cell
55
What is highlighted in blue?
Columnar epithelial cell (ciliated)
56
What are the plasma membrane extensions found in epithelial cells?
Most are microvilli; others are motile cilia.
57
Where are microvilli commonly found?
In the lumen of the small intestine.
58
What are villi?
Finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine.
59
What is a crypt in the context of epithelial organization?
A glandular structure found in the intestinal lining.
60
What is an enterocyte?
A type of cell that lines the intestine and is involved in nutrient absorption.
61
What is highlighted in blue?
Stratified squamous epithelium
62
What is highlighted in blue?
Squamous cell
63
What is highlighted in blue?
Lamina propria
64
What are the subclasses of Connective Tissue Proper?
1. Loose connective tissue: Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
2. Dense connective tissue: Regular, Irregular, Elastic
65
What are the types of cartilage?
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Fibrocartilage
66
What cells are found in connective tissues?
Fibroblasts, Fibrocytes, Defense cells, Adipocytes, Chondroblasts, Chondrocytes
67
What is the matrix of Connective Tissue Proper composed of?
Gel-like ground substance and all three fiber types: collagen, reticular, elastic
68
What are the types of bone tissue?
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy bone
69
What cells are found in bone tissue?
Osteoblasts, Osteocytes
70
What is the matrix of bone tissue composed of?
Fibers: collagen
71
What types of blood cells are present in blood?
Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes, White blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes, Platelets, Plasma
72
What are the general features of connective tissues?
Six different types; vary in density and types of fibers. Functions as a binding tissue, resists mechanical stress, provides reservoir for water and salts, energy (fat) storage, resists compression, cushions and supports body structures.
73
What is the overall nature of connective tissue?
Connective tissue is a diverse group of supporting tissues.
74
What are the three basic components of connective tissue?
1. Specialized cells found in that type of tissue.
2. Extracellular protein fibers (e.g., collagen).
3. A gel-like fluid known as ground substance.
75
What is the matrix in connective tissue?
The matrix, also known as ECM, is composed of extracellular protein fibers and ground substance, surrounding the cells found in the tissue.
76
What is the significance of the matrix in connective tissue?
The matrix occupies the most space in connective tissue, with most cells not in direct contact with each other but separated by the matrix.
77
How is connective tissue exposed to the environment?
Connective tissues are never exposed to the outside environment.
78
What is the vascularity of connective tissue?
Connective tissue has highly variable vascularity; some connective tissue is avascular.
79
What role do sensory neurons play in connective tissue?
Some connective tissues contain sensory neurons that transmit sensory information such as pain, pressure, and temperature.
80
What structural role does connective tissue serve?
Connective tissue establishes a structural framework for the body.
81
What functions does connective tissue perform regarding fluids?
Connective tissue transports fluids and dissolved materials.
82
How does connective tissue support other tissue types?
Connective tissue supports, surrounds, and interconnects other tissue types.
83
What is the role of adipocytes in connective tissue?
Adipocytes store energy in the form of triglycerides.
84
What immune function does connective tissue provide?
Connective tissue provides immune protection against invading pathogens.
85
What is the role of connective tissue?
Connective tissue conceptualizes as a bridge-linking organ systems with other organ systems.
86
What is the composition of connective tissue?
Connective tissue is mostly composed of non-living structural components that surround a limited number of cells.
87
How does connective tissue differ from other primary tissues?
Connective tissues consist largely of nonliving extracellular matrix, while other primary tissues are composed mainly of cells.
88
What is the matrix in connective tissue?
The matrix is different for every tissue; for blood, it is plasma, and for bone, it is osteon.
89
What is the significance of the matrix in connective tissue?
The matrix separates, often widely, the living cells of the tissue and allows connective tissue to bear weight, withstand tension, and endure physical trauma.
90
What is the variability of vascularity in connective tissue?
Vascularity in connective tissue is highly variable.
91
Identify the Ground Substance
#2
92
Identify the 3 fibers and their names
1.) Collagen Fiber
11.) Elastic Fiber
10.) Reticular Fiber
93
Identify the capillary
#3
94
Identify #4, #5, & #6
4.) Fat Cell
5.) Mast Cell
6.) Neutrophil
95
Identify #7, #8, & #9
7.) Fibroblast
8.) Macrophage
9.) Lymphocyte
96
What is connective tissue?
Connective tissue is a type of tissue that supports, binds together, and protects other tissues and organs in the body.
97
What is the extracellular matrix?
The extracellular matrix is a network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
98
What are the types of fibers in connective tissue?
The types of fibers in connective tissue include collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
99
What is collagen fiber?
Collagen fiber is a strong, flexible protein fiber that provides tensile strength to connective tissue.
100
What is elastic fiber?
Elastic fiber is a type of fiber that allows tissues to stretch and return to their original shape.
101
What is reticular fiber?
Reticular fiber is a type of thin, branching fiber that forms a supportive network in various tissues.
102
What is ground substance?
Ground substance is the non-cellular material in connective tissue that fills the space between cells and fibers.
103
What is a capillary?
A capillary is a small blood vessel that connects arterioles and venules, facilitating the exchange of substances between blood and tissues.
104
What are the main cells in connective tissue proper (CTP)?
The main cells in connective tissue proper include fat cells, mast cells, neutrophils, fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
105
What is a fat cell?
A fat cell, or adipocyte, is a cell that stores energy in the form of fat.
106
What is a mast cell?
A mast cell is a type of immune cell that releases histamine and plays a role in allergic reactions.
107
What is a neutrophil?
A neutrophil is a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune response and helps fight infections.
108
What is a fibroblast?
A fibroblast is a cell that produces collagen and other fibers in connective tissue.
109
What is a macrophage?
A macrophage is a type of immune cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris and pathogens.
110
What is a lymphocyte?
A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system and helps in the body's defense against infections.
111
What are the types of Loose Connective Tissue?
Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
112
What are the types of Dense Connective Tissue?
Regular, Irregular, Elastic
113
What are the types of Cartilage?
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
114
What are the types of Connective Tissue?
Loose/Dense Connective tissue prper, Cartilage, Bone, Blood
115
Identify the Tissue
Areolar Tissue
116
Identify #1, #2, #3, & #4
1.) Ground Substance
2.) Elastic Fiber
3.) Collagen Fiber
4.) Fibroblast
117
Identify the Tissue
Areolar Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue Proper
118
What is highlighted in blue?
Collagen Fiber
119
What is highlighted in blue?
Elastic Fiber
120
What is highlighted in blue?
Capillary
121
What is highlighted in blue?
Mast Cell
122
What is highlighted in blue?
Nucleus of fibroblast
123
What is highlighted in blue?
Ground substance
124
What is highlighted in blue?
Endothelial cell of capillary
125
Identify the Tissue
Reticular Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue Proper
126
Identify #1 & #2
1.) Leukocytes
2.) Reticular fiber
127
Identify the Tissue
Adipose Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue Proper
128
Identify #1, #2 & #3
1.) Blood Vessel
2.) Adipocytes nucleus
3.) Lipid in adipocyte
129
Identify the Tissue
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
130
Identify #1, #2 & #3
1.) Collagen Fibers
2.) Ground Substance
3.) Fibroblast Nuclei
131
Identify the Tissue
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
132
Identify #1, #2, #3, & #4
1.) Bundles of Collagen fibers
2.) Gland ducts
3.) Fibroblast nuclei
4.) Ground Substance
133
Identify the Tissue
Dense Irregular Connective
134
What is highlighted in blue?
Ground Substance
135
What is highlighted in blue?
Nuclei of Fibroblast
136
Identify the Cartilage
Hyaline
137
Identify #1, #2, #3, #4, & #5
1.) Matrix
2.) Cell nest
3.) Perichondrium
4.) Lacunae
5.) Chondrocytes
138
Identify the Cartilage
Hyaline
139
What is highlighted in blue?
Chondrocytes
140
What is highlighted in blue?
Extracellular matrix
141
What is highlighted in blue?
Perichodrium
142
What is highlighted in blue?
Lacunae
143
What is highlighted in blue?
Nuclei of Chondrocytes
144
Identify the Cartilage
Elastic
145
Identify #1, #2, #3, & #4
1.) Perichondrium
2.) Elastic Fiber
3.) Lacunae
4.) Chondrocytes
146
Identify the Cartilage
Elastic
147
What is highlighted in blue?
Ground Substance
148
What is highlighted in blue?
Nuclei of the Chondrocyte
149
What is highlighted in blue?
Elastic Fiber
150
What is highlighted in blue?
Lacunae
151
What is highlighted in blue?
Chondrocyte
152
What is highlighted in blue?
Perichondrium
153
Identify the Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
154
Identify #1 & #2
1.) Collagen Fiber
2.) Chondrocyte
155
Identify the Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
156
Identify the Bone
Spongy Bone
157
What is bone (osseous) tissue?
Bone (osseous) tissue is a calcified connective tissue.
158
What are bones made of?
Bones of the skeleton are organs made of bone tissue, cartilage, marrow, and other tissue types.
159
What are the two forms of osseous tissue?
The two forms of osseous tissue are spongy bone and compact bone.
160
What characterizes spongy bone?
Spongy bone has a porous appearance with delicate struts of bone called trabeculae made of collagen fibers.
161
Where is trabecular bone found?
Trabecular bone is found in the heads of long bones and in the middle of flat bones such as the sternum.
162
What is compact bone?
Compact bone is a denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces.
163
How is the arrangement of compact bone described?
Compact bone has a more complex arrangement with cells and matrix surrounding vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones.
164
What is highlighted in blue?
Marrow Cavity
165
What is highlighted in blue?
Trabeculae
166
Identify the Bone
Compact Bone
167
What is highlighted in blue?
Osteon
168
What is highlighted in blue?
Central Canal
169
What is highlighted in blue?
Interstitial Lamellae
170
What is highlighted in blue?
Osteocytes in Lacuna
171
What is highlighted in blue?
Cement Line
172
Identify the Bone
Compact Bone
173
Identify #1, #2, #3, #4, & #5
1.) Lacunae
2.) Canaliculi
3.) Concentric Lamellae of Osteon
4.) Central Canal
5.) Osteon
174
Identify the picture
Blood Smear
175
Identify #1, #2, #3, #4, & #5
1.) Platelets
2.) Neutrophils
3.) Lymphocyte
4.) Erythrocytes
5.) Monocyte
