Chapter 4

Question 0

What is the nature of language?

Answer 0

Language is symbolic, arbitrary, governed by rules, has layers of meaning.

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

A structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning.

Question 2

Denotative meaning

Answer 2

The literal meaning of a word

Question 3

Connotative meaning

Answer 3

The ideas or concepts a word suggests in addition to its literal definition.

Question 4

Phonological rules

Answer 4

Deals with the correct pronunciation of a word. Vary from language to language

Question 5

Syntactic rules

Answer 5

Govern the order of words within phrases and clauses

Question 6

Semantic rules

Answer 6

Has to do with the meaning of individual rules

Question 7

Pragmatic rules

Answer 7

Deals with the implications or interpretations of statements. Tone of voice.

Question 8

The Semantic Triangle

Answer 8

Created by psychologist Charles Ogden and English professor Ivor Richards to illustrate the relationship between words and their connotative and Denotative meaning. Includes a symbol, reference, and referent.

Question 9

Symbol

Answer 9

The word being communicated

Question 10

Reference

Answer 10

A words connotative meaning

Question 11

Referent

Answer 11

A words denotative meaning

Question 12

Loaded language

Answer 12

Words with strongly positive or negative connotations

Question 13

Ambiguous language

Answer 13

Words that can have more than one meaning

Question 14

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Answer 14

A theory that language shapes a persons view of reality

Question 15

Linguistic determinism

Answer 15

The structure of language determined how we think

Question 16

Linguistic relatively

Answer 16

Suggests that because language determined our perceptions of reality, people see the world see the world differently depending on which language they speak

Question 17

Credibility

Answer 17

The extent to which others perceive us to be competent and trustworthy

Question 18

Cliches

Answer 18

Words or phrases that were novel at one time but have lost their effect owing to overuse

Question 19

Dialects

Answer 19

Language variations shared by people if a certain religion or social class

Question 20

Equivocation

Answer 20

Language that disguises the speakers true intentions through strategic ambiguity

Question 21

Weasel words

Answer 21

Terms or phrases intended to mislead listeners by implying something they don’t actually say

Question 22

All ness statements

Answer 22

A statement claiming that something is true without exception.

Question 23

Gossip

Answer 23

Informal and frequently judge mental talk about people who are not present

Question 24

Criticism

Answer 24

The act of passing judgement on someone or something

Question 25

Threat

Answer 25

A declaration of the intention to harm someone

Question 26

Persuasion

Answer 26

The process of convincing people to think or act in a certain way

Question 27

Anchor and contrast approach

Answer 27

A persuasion technique by which one precedes a desired request with a request that is much larger

Question 28

Norm of reciprocity

Answer 28

The expectation that are favors are reciprocated

Question 29

Social validation principle

Answer 29

The idea that people will comply with requests if they believe others are also complying

Question 30

Euphemism

Answer 30

A vague, mild expression that symbolizes and substitutes for something blunter or harsher

Question 31

Slang

Answer 31

Informal and unconventional words often understood only within a particular group

Question 32

Jargon

Answer 32

Technical vocabulary of a certain occupation or profession

Question 33

Defamation

Answer 33

Language that harms a persons reputation or image

Question 34

Libel

Answer 34

Defamatory statements made in print or some fixed medium.

Question 35

Slander

Answer 35

Defamatory statements made aloud and within ear shots of others

Question 36

Profanity

Answer 36

Language considered to be vulgar, rude, or obscene

Question 37

Hate speech

Answer 37

Language used to degrade, intimate, or dehumanize specific groups of people

Question 38

Opinions are

Answer 38

Opinions whether you agree with them or not

Question 39

Factual claims are...

Answer 39

Factual claims whether they are true or not

Question 40

I-statement

Answer 40

A statement that claims ownership of the communicators feelings or thoughts

Question 41

You-statement

Answer 41

A statement that shifts responsibility for the communicators feelings or thoughts to the other party in communication