Chapter 4

Question 1

Essentialism

Answer 1

the idea that gender differences in behaviour stem from qualities that are resident in or possessed by women and men

Question 2

Overt Aggression

Answer 2

physically hurts or threatens another person

Question 3

Relational Aggression

Answer 3

hurts or threatens another person by damaging his or her relationships
sometimes called indirect or social aggression

Question 4

Gender differences in physical vs. verbal aggression

Answer 4

larger for physical than verbal

Question 5

Gender differences in overt vs. relational aggression

Answer 5

males are more likely than females to display overt

females are more likely than males to display relational

Question 6

Gender differences in spontaneous vs. provoked aggression

Answer 6

males are more likely than females to be spontaneously

females and males are equally likely to be aggressive when provoked through insults or other means

Question 7

Gender differences in the impact of norms and expectations

Answer 7

gender diffs are largest for behaviours and situations in which the norms with respect to aggression are most different for males and females

Question 8

Gender differences and similarities in influenceability

Answer 8

small tendency for women to be more influenced than men but this is liked to particular situations and explained by differences in expertise, status, or norms for masculinity and femininity
men resist influence from women more than women do suggesting that the relative status of this would be influencer is important

Question 9

Gender differences and similarities in dominance

Answer 9

males tend to show stronger orientation to social dominance than women do and experience more concern with dominance than females do
men are more likely to emerge as leaders in mixed-sex groups
may be explained by our learned tendency to ascribe more status to men

Question 10

Gender differences and similarities in nurturance

Answer 10

Females appearing more nurturant is most likely to be found in situations in which participants know they are being observed and is more likely to appear among persons who are strongly socialized toward masculine or feminine roles

Question 11

Gender differences and similarities in empathy

Answer 11

Females appearing more empathic is most likely to be found in situations in which participants know they are being observed and is more likely to appear among persons who are strongly socialized toward masculine or feminine roles

Question 12

Gender differences and similarities in altruism

Answer 12

No overall tendency for either se to be more helpful to others
Both sexes tend to be more helpful in situations in which helping is seen as gender-role appropriate

Question 13

Gender differences due to role expectations

Answer 13

when researchers bring participants into the lab, they do their best to remove different role expectations for women and men but in the outside world gendered role expectations often have a strong presence and affect behaviour

Question 14

Gender differences due to status

Answer 14

men are ascribed higher status than women as a general rule
when researchers bring participants into the lab, they do their best to minimize these status differences but in the outside world the status differences may contribute in important ways to gender differences

Question 15

Gender differences due to which behaviours are studied

Answer 15

Narrow or broader definitions of qualities such as aggression or nurturance may produce different results

Question 16

Gender differences due to observer bias

Answer 16

Gender differences in the outside world may be magnified by gender expectations and stereotypes