Chapter 4 Flashcards
(109 cards)
0
Q
What are the characteristics of eukaryotes
A
DNA is found in cells nucleus. DNA is associated with histone and non-histone proteins. Have a membrane enclosed organelles. Cell walls are chemically simple. Cell division involves mitosis
1
Q
What are the characteristics of prokaryotes
A
The DNA is not enclosed within a membrane. Their DNA is not associated with histones. Lack membrane enclosed organelles. So walls generally contain peptidoglycan and they divide by binary fission
2
Q
What are diplococci
A
Cocci that remain in Pairs after division
3
Q
What is streptococci
A
Cocci that divide and remain in chain like patterns
4
Q
What is tetrads
A
Divided into planes and remain in groups of four
5
Q
What are sarcinae
A
Divided in three planes and remain in cube like groups of eight
6
Q
What are staphylococci
A
Divide in multiple planes and form grape like clusters
7
Q
What are single bacilli
A
Single rods of bacteria
8
Q
What are diplobacilli
A
Appear in pairs after division
9
Q
What is Streptobacilli
A
Occur in chains
10
Q
What is coccobacilli
A
Oval bacteria that look like cocci
11
Q
What is vibrios
A
Bacteria that look like curved rods
12
Q
What is Spirilla
A
Have a corkscrew shape
13
Q
What are sphirochetes
A
Helical, flexible spirals
14
Q
What does monomorphic mean
A
Cells that maintain a single shape
15
Q
What is pleomorphic
A
Cells that have many shapes
16
Q
What is a glycocalyx
A
A substance that surrounds cells
17
Q
What is a capsule
A
And organized substance that is firmly attached to sell walls
18
Q
What is the slime layer
A
Unorganized and loosely attached substance to the cell wall
19
Q
What is the extracellular Polymeric substance
A
A Glycocalyx help cells in the biofilm attached to their target environment into each other
20
Q
What is the flagella
A
Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
21
Q
What is a Atrichous
A
Bacteria lacking flagella
22
Q
What is petritrichous
A
Flagella distributed over the entire cell
23
Q
What is polar
A
At one or both poles or ends of the cell
24
What is monotrichous
A single flagella at one pole
25
What is lophotrichous
A tuft of flagella coming from one pole
26
What is amphitrichous
Flagella at both poles of the cell
27
What is motility
Ability of an organism to move by itself
28
What is taxis
Movement of bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus
29
What is chemotaxis
Chemical stimuli
30
What is phototaxis
Light stimuli
31
What is H antigen
Flagellar protein
32
What is serovars
Variations within a species of gram negative bacteria
33
What are axial filaments
Bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheathe and spiral around the cell
34
What are fimbriae
Can occur at the poles of bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell
35
What is a pili
Usually longer that fimbriae. Pili are involved in motility and DNA transfer
36
What is twitching motility
Makes contact with another surface and then retracts
37
What is gliding motility
Smooth gliding movement of myxobacteria
38
What is conjugation pili
Used to bring bacteria together allowing transfer of DNA
39
What is the cell wall
Semi rigid structure responsible for the shape of the cell
40
What is peptidoglycan
Composed of a macromolecular network
41
What is Porins
Proteins in the membrane that form channels
42
What is a lipopolysaccharide
A complex molecule that has lipids and carbs and consists of three compounds. Lipid a, core polysaccharide, o polysaccharide
43
What is lipid a
Lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide
44
What is core polysaccharide
Attached to lipid a and contains unusual sugars. Provide stability
45
What is o polysaccharide
Functions as an antigen
46
What is mycolic acid
Hydrophobic waxy lipid in their cell walls
47
What is a protoplast
Cellular contents that remains surrounded by the plasma membrane. May remain intact if lyses does not occur
48
What is an L form
Proteus that loses their cell wall and swell into irregularly shaped cells
49
What is a spheroplast
Cellular contents, plasma membrane and remaining outer cell wall layer inside a spherical structure
50
What is osmotic lysis
Bursting of a cell due to osmosis
51
What is the plasma membrane
Thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell
52
What is the glycoprotein
Protein attached to carbohydrate
53
What is a glycolipid
Lipid attached to a carbohydrate
54
What is a fluid Mosaic model
Dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins
55
What is selective permeability
Selective barriers through which materials can enter and exit the cell
56
What is the chromatophore or thylakoid
Enzymes involved in photosynthesis found in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm
57
What is a mesosome
Bacterial plasmid membranes having large irregular folds
58
What is simple diffusion
Overall movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
59
What is facilitated diffusion
Integral membrane proteins function as carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane
60
What is osmosis
Net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of solvent molecules to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules
61
What is osmotic pressure
Pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing some solutes
62
What is isotonic solution
Medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equal that Found inside a cell
63
What is a hypotonic solution
In medium in which the concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell
64
What is a hypertonic solution
Medium having a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell has
65
What is active transport
Cell using energy to move substances across the plasma membrane
66
What is group translocation
Special form of active transport that occurs exclusively in prokaryotes, the substance is chemically altered during transport across the membrane
67
What is the cytoplasm
Substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane
68
What is the nucleoid region
The region containing DNA
69
What is bacterial chromosome
Circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA
70
What is a plasmid
Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules
71
What is a ribosome
The site of protein synthesis
72
What is an inclusion
Reserve deposits in cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells
73
What are metachromatic granules
Large inclusions that take their name from the fact that they can stain red with blue dyes
74
What is volutin
Represents a reserve of inorganic phosphate that can be used in the synthesis of ATP
75
What is a polysaccharide granule
Inclusion consisting of glycogen and starch
76
What is the lipid inclusion
And inclusion containing lipids
77
What is a carboxysome
Inclusions that contain the enzyme ribose 15 diphosphate carboxylase
78
What is a gas Vacuoles
Hollow cavity is found in many aquatic prokaryotic
79
What is a magnetosome
Inclusion surrounded by invagination's of plasma membrane
80
What are endospores
Gram-positive bacteria forming specialized resting cells
81
What is sporulation
Endospore formation within a vegetative cell
82
What is germination
Endospore returning to a vegetative state
83
What are microtubules
Long, hollow tubes made up of a protein called tubulin
84
What is endocytosis
A segment of a membrane enclosing a particle and bringing it into the cell
85
What is cytosol
Fluid portion of cytoplasm
86
What is cytoskeleton
Provides support and shape
87
What is cytoplasmic streaming
Movement of eukaryotic cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another
88
What are organelles
Structures were specific shapes and specialized functions that are characteristic of eukaryotic cells
89
What is the nuclear envelope
Double membrane surrounding nucleus
90
What is a nuclear pore
Tiny channels in the membrane
91
What is nucleoli
Condensed regions of chromosomes where RNAs being synthesized
92
What are histones
DNA combined with several proteins
93
What is chromatin
Threadlike mass of protein
94
What is a chromosome
Chromatic and coils into shorter and thicker rodlike bodies
95
What is the endoplasmic reticulum
Extensive network of flattened membranous sacs called Cisternae
96
What is the golgi complex
First step in the transport pathways through an organelle
97
What's a transport vesicle
Releases proteins into the cistern
98
What is secretory vesicles
Detach from the cistern and deliver the proteins to the plasma membrane
99
What is Lysosomes
Contain 40+ digestive enzymes
100
What are vacuoles
Space or cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell that is enclosed by a membrane
101
What is the mitochondria
Rod shaped organelles
102
What is the Cristae
Folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane
103
What is the matrix
Semi fluid substance in the center of the mitochondrion
104
What is a chloroplast
Membrane enclosed structure that contains both the pigment chlorophyll and the enzyme required for the light gathering phase of photosynthesis
105
What are thylakoids
Chlorophyll containing flat membranous sacs
106
What is peroxizomes
Contains enzymes
107
What is a centrosome
Important to cell division
108
What is an Endosymbiotic theory
Large bacterial cells which lost their cell walls and engulf smaller bacterial cells
