Exam 2- Ch 5,6,7,20 Flashcards
(147 cards)
0
Q
What is a fermentation test
A
A test medium containing protein, a single carbohydrate, a ph indicator and an inverted Durham tube which is used to capture gas
1
Q
What is deamination
A
Removal of an amino group that is later converted to ammonium ion
2
Q
What are photosystems
A
When chlorophyll and other pigments are packed into the thylakoids of chloroplasts
3
Q
What is cyclic photo phosphorylation
A
Electron released from chlorophyll in photosystems 1 eventually returns to chlorophyll
4
Q
What is noncyclic photophosphorylation
A
Electrons released from the chlorophyll in photosystems 2 and 1 don’t return to chlorophyll but instead become incorporated into nadph
5
Q
What are phototrops
A
Use light as their primary energy source
6
Q
What are chemotrophs
A
Depend on oxidation and reduction reactions of inorganic or organic compounds for energy
7
Q
What are autotrophs
A
Self feeders
8
Q
What are heterotrophs
A
Feed on others
9
Q
What are photoautotrophs
A
Use light as a source of energy and carbon dioxide as their chief source of carbon
10
Q
What is oxygenic
A
Produces oxygen gas
11
Q
What is anoxygenic
A
Does not produce O2 gas
12
Q
What are photoheterotrophs
A
Use light as a source of energy but cannot convert carbon dioxide to sugar
13
Q
What are chemo autotrophs
A
Uses electrons from reduced inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Use co2 as source of carbon
14
Q
What are parasites
A
Organisms that derive nutrients from a living host
15
Q
What are psychrophiles
A
Cold loving microbes. -10-20
16
Q
What are mesophiles
A
Moderate temp loving. 10-50
17
Q
What are thermophiles
A
Heat loving 40-70
18
Q
What is a minimum growth temperature
A
Lowest temp at which a species will grow
19
Q
What is optimum growth temperature
A
Temperature at which the species grows best
20
Q
What is maximum growth temperature
A
Highest temp at which growth is possible
21
Q
What are hyperthermophiles
A
Microbes that have an optimum growth temp of 80* or higher
22
Q
What are acidophiles
A
Microbes that are tolerant of acidity
23
Q
What is plasmolysis
A
Shrinkage of a cells cytoplasm
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What are extreme halophiles
Adapted to high salt concentrations that they require for growth
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What are obligate halophiles
Require high salt concentrations for growth
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What are facultative halophiles
Don't require high salt concentrations but are able to grow on them
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Nitrogen fixation
Use gaseous nitrogen from the atmosphere
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What are trace elements
Small amounts of mineral elements
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What are obligate aerobes
Microbes that require oxygen to live
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What are facultative Anaerobes
Bacteria can grow in the absence of oxygen or with oxygen
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What are obligate anaerobes
Bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy yielding reactions
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What are aerotolerant anerobes
Cannot use oxygen for growth but they tolerate it well.
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What are microaerophiles
Microbes that are aerobic however they only grow in oxygen concentrations lower than those and air
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What are organic growth factors
Essential organic compounds an organism is unable to synthesize
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What are biofilms
Sticky slime layers of bacteria
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What is a culture medium
The nutrient material prepared for the growth of microorganisms in the laboratory
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What does sterile Mean
Must initially contain no living microorganisms
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What is a chemically defined medium
One who's exact chemical composition is known
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What is complex media
The exact chemical composition very slightly from batch to batch
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What is nutrient broth
Liquid form of a medium
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What is nutrient agar
Agar added to a nutrient broth
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What is reducing media
Ingredients chemically combined with dissolved oxygen and deplete the oxygen in the culture medium
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What are capnofiles
Microbes that grow better at high CO2 concentrations
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What are selective media
Media designed to suppress the growth of unwanted bacteria and encourage the growth of the desired microbes
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What is differential media
Makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism from other colonies growing on the same plate
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What is enrichment culture
Provide to do trades environmental conditions that favor of the growth of a particular micro but not others.
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What is a colony
Bunches of microbes that arise from a single store or from a group of the same organisms attached to one another in groups of chains
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What is the streak plate method
Streak bacteria in 4 quadrants
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What is deep freezing
Pure culture of microbes is placed it is suspected liquid quick frozen temperatures ranging from -50 to -95
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What is lyophilization
A suspension of microbes is quickly frozen water is removed by high vacume
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How do bacteria reproduce
Binary fission or budding
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What is the generation time
Time required for a cell to divide and it's population to double
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What is a bacterial growth curve
Shows the growth of cells overtime.
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What are the four basic phases of growth
The lag, the log, stationary and death phase
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What is the lag phase
Little to no cell division
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What is the log phase
Period of exponential growth
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What is the stationary phase
Period Of equilibrium
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What is the death phase
Please continues until the population is diminished to a tiny fraction of the number of cells in the previous phase
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What is a plate count
Where you count the visible colonies on a plate
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What is colony forming units
What plate counts are reflected as
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What is serial dilution
What do you dilute it to several different bottles
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What is the pour plate method
When you mix broth with agar
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What is the spread plate method
When you spread of bacteria over the surface
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What is turbidity
Cloudiness from cells
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What is sterilization
Removal or destruction of all living microorganisms
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What is a sterilant
Sterilizing agent
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What is commercial sterilization
Sterilization of food items
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What is disinfection
Control directed at destroyed harmful microorganisms
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What is antisepsis
The antiseptic disinfection of living tissue
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What is Degerming
Mechanical removal of most of the microbes that a limited area
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What is sanitization
Lowers microbial count to safe public health levels
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What does a germicide kill
Microbes
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What does a fungicide kill
Fungi
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What is bacteriostasis
Stops bacteria. Once the bacteriostatic agent is removed growth might resume
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What is sepsis
Decay
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What factors influence the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments
The number of microbes, environmental influences, type of exposure, microbial characteristics
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How do microbial control agents kill cells
Alteration of membrane permeability, damage to proteins and nucleic acid
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What is the thermal death point
Lowest temperature at which all the micro organisms in a particular liquid suspension will be killed in 10 minutes
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What is the thermal death time
Minimal length of time for all bacteria in a particular liquid culture to be killed at a given temperature
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What is decimal reduction time
Time in minutes in which 90% of the population of bacteria at a given temperature will be killed
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Given example of moist heat sterilization
Autoclave
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What is pasteurization
Eliminates pathogenic microbes and lowers microbial numbers
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What are the methods of dry heat sterilization
Direct flaming, incineration, hot air sterilization. Kills by oxidation
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What is filtration
Passage of liquid or gas through filter with pores small enough to retain microbes
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What do high efficiency particulate air filters do
Remove all Microorganisms larger than a certain diameter
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What are membrane filters used for
Intended to filter bacteria
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What is desiccation
In the absence of water organisms cannot grow or reproduce but can remain viable for years and one water is made available to them they can resume their growth and division.
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How is osmotic pressure used to preserve foods
The use of high concentration of salt and sugar is based off the effects of osmotic pressure. The process resembles desiccation
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What are the two types of sterilizing radiation
Ionizing and nonionizing
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What is ionizing radiation
Short wavelength. More energy
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What is non-ionizing radiation
Long wavelength.
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What are the three heat methods used to control microbial growth
Moist heat, Pasteurization, dry heat
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In boiling what is the mechanism of action for controlling microbial growth
Protein denaturation
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In autoclaving what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth
Protein denaturation
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In pasteurization what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth
Protein denaturation
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In dry heat hot air sterilization what is the mechanism of action for control of microbial growth
Oxidation
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In filtration what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth
Separation of bacteria from liquid
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In cold refrigeration what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth
Decrease the chemical reactions and possible changes in proteins
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In deep-freeze and what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth
Decreased chemical reactions and possible changes and proteins
100
In high-pressure what is the mechanism of action to control microbial growth
Alteration of molecular structure of proteins and carbohydrates
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In desiccation what is the mechanism of action used to control microbial growth
Disruption of metabolism
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In osmotic pressure what is the mechanism of action used to control microbial growth
Plasmolysis
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In radiation what is the mechanism of action used to control microbial growth
Destruction of DNA.
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What is the disc diffusion method
Place disks on the lawn of bacteria to see which it is affected by
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What is the mechanism of action for phenol chemicals
Disruption of plasma membrane and denaturation of enzymes
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What is the mechanism of action for chlorhexidine to control microbial growth
Disruption of plasma membrane
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What is the mechanism of action for halogens
Inhibits protein function
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What is the mechanism of action for alcohols
Protein denaturation and lipid dissolution
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What is the. Mechanism of action for heavy metals and their compounds
Denaturation of enzymes and other proteins
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What is the method of action for surface active agents
Enzyme disruption
111
What is the mechanism of action for chemical food preservatives
Metabolic inhibition
112
What is the condition of action for aldehydes
Protein denaturation
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What is an antibiotic
A substance produced by micro organisms that in small amounts inhibits other microorganisms
114
What does the narrow spectrum of microbial activity mean
The range of different microbial types it affects
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What does broad-spectrum antibiotics affect
A broad about of microbial types
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What is a super infection
And overgrowth or a resistance to antibiotics
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What is bacteriocidal
Kills microbes
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What is bacteriostatic
Inhibits microbes from growing
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Which antimicrobial drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis
Penicillin, cephalosporin, bacitracin, vancomycin
120
Which antimicrobial drugs inhibit protein synthesis
Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline and streptomycin
121
Which antimicrobial drugs inhibit nucleic acid replication and transcription
Quinolones, rifampin
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Which antimicrobial drugs injure the plasma membrane
Polymyxin b
123
Which antimicrobial drugs inhibit a sensual metabolite synthesis
Sulfanilamide and trimethoprim
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How is cell wall synthesis inhibited
Prevents the synthesis of peptidoglycan
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How is proteins synthesis inhibited
Selectively targets certain sized ribosomes
126
How is the plasma membrane injured
Due to changes in permeability
127
How is nucleic acid synthesis inhibited
Interferes with the process of replication and transcription
128
How do you inhibit the synthesis of essential metabolites
By competitive inhibition
129
What are the two natural penicillins that inhibits cell wall synthesis
Penicillin G injectable. Penicillin V oral
130
What do the semi synthetic penicillins end in
cillin
131
What are the two cephalosporins that inhibits cell wall synthesis
Cephalothin injectable or cefixime oral.
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What are the two polypeptide antibiotics which inhibits cell wall synthesis
Bacitracin topical and vancomycin
133
What are the antimycobacterial antibiotics which inhibits cell wall synthesis
Isoniazid and ethambutol
134
What is special about chloramphenicol which inhibits protein synthesis
It's toxic
135
Which drugs inhibit protein synthesis
```
Aminoglycosides
Pleuromutilins
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Streptogramins
Oxazolidinones
Glycylcyclines
```
136
Which drugs injure the plasma membrane
Polymyxin B
| Lipopeptides
137
Which drugs inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Rifamycin
| Quinolones
138
Which drug is a competitive inhibitor of the synthesis of essential metabolites
Sulfonamides
139
Of the Antifungal drugs, which ones affect the plasma membrane by inhibiting synthesis
Polyenes
Azoles
Allylamines
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Which Antifungal drugs affect fungal cell walls by inhibiting synthesis of the cell wall
Echinocandins
141
Which Antifungal drugs inhibit nucleic acids by inhibiting protein synthesis
Flucytosine
142
What are the three types of antiviral drugs that work by inhibiting DNA/rna synthesis
Nucleosides, attachment and uncoating and interferons
143
How do anti protozoan drugs work
By inhibiting anaerobic metabolism
144
What is a zone of inhibition
Zone on the lawn of bacteria where an antibiotic has worked
145
What does the E test allow for
Shows the exact amount of antibiotics that is necessary for minimum inhibitory concentration
146
What are the different mechanisms of resistance
Enzymatic destruction or inactivation of the drug, prevention of penetration to the target site within the microbe, alteration of the drugs target site, rapid influx of the antibiotic, variations of mechanisms of resistance
