Chapter 4: 4.1 Flashcards
Enzyme action (27 cards)
How are enzymes? What do they work?
Enzymes are biological catalysts (globular proteins) that interact with a substrate molecule causing them to react at a much faster rate without the need of harsh environmental conditions
What are enzymes considered important?
many processes necessary to life are not possible without enzymes
Why are anabolic reactions and give examples?
These are chemical reactions that involve the building up (reactions for growth)
{ e.g. the synthesis of large polymer based components i.e. cellulose forming walls of the plant cell)
Why anabolic reactions?
As it allows the formation of cell components which can get assembled in cells —> tissue —> organs —-> organ system/ whole organism
What are metabolism?
is the sum of all of the different reactions and reactions pathway happening the cell or an organism. And an only happen as a result of the control and order imposed by the enzymes.
What factors is effect the rate of cellular reactions?
- environmental conditions such as: temperature, pressure and pH
What is Vmax?
The maximum initial velocity
What is the function of Lactase dehydrogenase?
as catalyses the transfer of hydrogen ions to and from lactose
What is the function of pepsin?
as to catalyse the breakdown of proteins (peptides) in the stomach
What is the function of phosphorylases?
as catalyses group phosphate addition of phosphate groups to molecules.
What is activation energy?
is the energy that needs to be supplied for most reactions to continue
How do enzymes increase the rate of reaction?
They reduce the activation energy required so particles can collide more.
What is specificity of an enzyme?
The idea that each enzyme has a specific active site to only one substrate
What is an active site?
Is an area within the primary structure of an enzyme that has a shape the complementary to the shape similar to the substrate molecule
What is the lock and key hypothesis?
The Lock-and-key Hypothesis is a model of how enzymes catalyses reactions. It states that the shape of the Active Sites of Enzymes are exactly Complementary to the shape of the Substrate.
How does the lock and key model work?
- When a enzyme molecule collides with an substrate molecule whose active site shape is similar
- the substrate will fit into the active site and an enzyme will form an Enzyme-Product Complex
- the enzyme will catalyses the reaction, and the products, together with the enzyme, will form an Enzyme-Substrate Complex
What is the induced-fit hypothesis?
Is the idea that the active site changes shape during an reaction
How does the induced-fit model work?
When a enzyme collides with an substrate molecule, if its composition is specifically correct, the shape of the enzyme’s Active Site will change so that the substrate fits into the enzymes active site and an Enzyme-Product Complex can form. The reaction is then catalyzed and an Enzyme-Substrate Complex forms.
Where is amylase produced?
Produced in the thyroid
How is starch digested? and absorbed into the bloodstream?
- Starch begins in the mouth and continues into small intestine.
- Starch polymers are broken down into maltase (a polysacchride) by amylase
- Maltase is then broken down into glucose (diosacchride) by an enzyme known a maltose
- Glucose is the absorbed by the cell lining the digestive system and absorbed into the bloodstream
What is trypsin?
Is a protease
How is protein digested? And absorbed into the bloodstream?
Typsin - enzyme that causes digestion of proteins into smaller peptides, which is further broken down into amino acids other proteases.
Trypsin - then acts on the protein
- These amino acids absorbed by the the cells lining in the digestive enzymes. Then absorbed into the bloodstream.
What does extracellular mean?
It means outside the cell
What does intracellular mean?
It means inside the cell
