Chapter 4

Question 1

In _____ one allele does not completely dominate another allele, and therefore results in a new phenotype.

Answer 1

• incomplete dominance

Question 2

In _________

you see the trait in both sexes; however, there is a different in the expression

Answer 2

• autosomal genes

Question 3

In ________ genes on autosomal chromosomes that are more readily expressed in one sex

Answer 3

• sex influenced characteristics

Question 4

_____ is an example of a dominant lethal trait

Answer 4

• Huntingtons Disease

Question 5

X-linked recessive traits

Answer 5

1. affected males do not pass to sons, can pass to daughter (as carrier)
2. father passes Y to sons
3. unaffected daughter can then pass to sons - appears more frequently in males (males only get one X chromosome so if mutated, the disease occurs)
4. can only skip generations through females

Question 6

The ________ is the range of phenotypes produced by a genotype in different environments

Answer 6

• norm of reaction

Question 7

In _________ it is the percentage of individuals having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype

Answer 7

• pentrance

Question 8

In a _____ we have a change so we can distinguish one allele from the other (can tell whether it came from mom or dad) no impact on phenotype but different allele

Answer 8

• neutral mutation

Question 9

Identification of alleles

Answer 9

1. capital vs lowercase
2. wild type vs mutant
3. superscripts

Question 10

An _____ one of two or more alternative forms of a gene

Answer 10

• allele

Question 11

An example of a sex influenced trait is _________

Answer 11

• pattern baldness

Question 12

In __________ genotype does not always produce the expected phenotype

Answer 12

• incomplete dominance

Question 13

In complementation is the mutation is in the _____ gene, no matter what still homozygous mutant for allele

Answer 13

• same

Question 14

______ is a genome modification that causes functional differences but does not change the nucleotide sequence

Answer 14

• epigenesis

Question 15

A human example of genomic imprinting is ________

Answer 15

• prader-willi syndrome/angelman syndrome

Question 16

Y linked traits

Answer 16

1. only appear in males

Question 17

if it is _______ one copy will cause death

Answer 17

• dominant lethal

Question 18

In _______ phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate (falls within the range) between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes

Answer 18

• incomplete dominance

Question 19

x-linked dominant traits

Answer 19

1. do not skip generations
2. affected males pass to all daughters, none of sons
3. heterozygote females pass the trait to hold of their sons and half of their daughters

Question 20

In cytoplasmic inheritance affected females pass it to ______

Answer 20

• all children male and female

Question 21

_______ is one gene that impacts several aspects of the overall phenotype

Answer 21

• pleiotropy

Question 22

Genes that are in the cytoplasm include

Answer 22

1. chloroplasts

2. mitochondria

Question 23

What can cause variable penetrance or expressivity ?

Answer 23

1. temperature effect
2. nutritional effect
3. imprinting

Question 24

_______ are determined by autosomal genes, but expressed differently in males and females

Answer 24

• sex influenced characteristics

Question 25

An example of a temperature sensitive allele is ______

Answer 25

- himalayan rabbits | - they produce dark fur at extremities only when reared at 25*C or less

Question 26

In ________ autosomal genes whose expression is limited to one sex

Answer 26

- sex limited characteristic

Question 27

In _______ genes located on the sex chromosome

Answer 27

- sex linked characteristics

Question 28

In ______ nuclear genotype of the maternal parent

Answer 28

- genetic maternal effect

Question 29

Ratio of ________ is 3:1

Answer 29

- complete dominance

Question 30

In a ______ there is no gene function

Answer 30

- null allele

Question 31

In ______ the phenotype of the heterozygote is the same as the phenotype of one of the homozygotes

Answer 31

- dominance

Question 32

______ is recessive

Answer 32

- lethality

Question 33

_______ first explained sex-linked inheritance | found some traits were associated with one sex or the other

Answer 33

- Thomas Hunt Morgan

Question 34

______ masks the hypostatic gene

Answer 34

- Epistasis

Question 35

sex-limited characteristics are | determined by _______, but expressed _____ in one sex (_____ penetrance in other sex)

Answer 35

- autosomal genes - only - zero

Question 36

_________ consists of cell division, replication of mitochondria, cell division, replication of mitochondria

Answer 36

- cytoplasmic inheritance

Question 37

In _______ genes whose expression is affected by the sex of the transmitting parent

Answer 37

- genomic imprinting

Question 38

In a ______ there is a gain of a new function at specific times or all the time

Answer 38

- gain of function mutation

Question 39

A _________ inherits nuclear genes from both parents, but all (most) cytoplasmic genes come from mother

Answer 39

- zygote

Question 40

In ________ it occurs with autosomal genes - males and females contribute equal number of genes - but expression is affected by parental origin

Answer 40

- genomic imprinting

Question 41

In ________ cytoplasmic genes, which are usually inherited entirely from only one parent

Answer 41

- cytoplasmic inheritance

Question 42

The _______ gene is the hidden gene

Answer 42

- hypostatic gene

Question 43

If 45/50 people exhibit the trait it will have a penetrance of ____ and an incomplete penetrance of _____

Answer 43

- 90% | - 10%

Question 44

_____ can be used to determine if mutations are in the same or different loci

Answer 44

- complementation

Question 45

In ______ two alleles give 3 possible geno and phenotypes (X * Y = XX, YY, XY). Phenotype is neither dominant or recessive.

Answer 45

- codominance

Question 46

In cytoplasmic inheritance affected males pass it to ______

Answer 46

- no one | - males do not pass the trait to children

Question 47

In _______ phenotype of the heterozygote includes the phenotypes of both homozygotes

Answer 47

- codominance

Question 48

In _______ it is the degree to which a character is expressed, ex: how dark

Answer 48

- expressivity

Question 49

Genetic Maternal Effect

Answer 49

- the PHENOTYPE is determined by the GENOTYPE of the mother

Question 50

If imprinting is not affecting a gene ____ modifications can be the cause

Answer 50

- epigenetic

Question 51

______ can be many different alleles for one gene in the general population

Answer 51

- multiple alleles

Question 52

In a ________ you have a reduced amount or productivity of a gene

Answer 52

- loss of function mutation

Question 53

In complementation is the mutation is in the _____ gene, it will get a wt allele for each gene so it will have a wt phenotype

Answer 53

- different

Question 54

In genomic imprinting genes are somehow marked during ________ or early in the ______

Answer 54

- gamete formation | - embryo