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Pathology Exam 2 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Humoral immunity

A

(antibodies) is an effective defense against some microorganisms

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2
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

(T-cell lymphocytes) is an effective defense against others, such as intracellular bacteria, fungi, and viruses

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3
Q

Most common types of diseases that affect the oral cavity?

A

Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections

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4
Q

Can be the primary site of involvement in an infectious disease

A

Oral cavity

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5
Q

Microorganisms that initially invade the oral tissues can cause

A

A local infection, systemic, or both

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6
Q

Opportunistic infection

A

Changes such as the following affect the oral microflora so that organisms that are usually nonpathogenic are able to cause disease: (decrease in salivary flow, antibiotic administration, immune system alterations)

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7
Q

Dental caries and periodontal diseases are clearly

A

Infectious diseases

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8
Q

Impetigo

A

A bacterial skin infection
Usually seen in young children
Requires nonintact skin for infection

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9
Q

Tonsillitis and pharyngitis

A

Inflammatory conditions of the tonsils and pharyngeal mucosa

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10
Q

Clinical features of tonisllitis and pharyngitis

A

Sore throat, fever, tonsillar hyperplasia, and erythema of the oropharyngeal mucosa and tonsils.

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11
Q

Scarlet fever

A

Usuall occurs in children

  • Fever
  • Generalized red skin rash caused by a toxin released by bacteria
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12
Q

Oral manifestations of scarlet fever

A

Streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis
Petechiae on the soft palate
Strawberry tongue

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13
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

A childhood disease that follows a group A B-hemolytic streptococcal infection

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14
Q

Characterized by an inflammatory reaction involving the heart, joints, and central nervous system

A

Rheumatic fever

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15
Q

If heart valve damage occurs with rheumatic fever

A

May require a patient to be premedicated before dental treatment

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16
Q

What organisms cause Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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17
Q

Signs and symptoms of TB

A 
Fever
Chills
Fatigue
Malaise
Weight loss
*Persistent cough
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18
Q

Milliary TB

A

Widespread, affects multiple organs

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19
Q

Scrofula or TB lymphadentitis

A

Submandibular and cervical lymph nodes

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20
Q

What would be found in a biopsy of an oral lesions associated with TB

A

Chronic granulomatous lesions with areas of necrosis surrounded by macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and lymphocytes

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21
Q

Considered an occupationally transmitted disease in dentistry

A

Tuberculosis

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22
Q

Treatment for TB

A

Combination medications, including isoniazid (INH), rifampin, and rifapentine.

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23
Q

Actinomycosis

A

An infection cause by a filamentous bacterium: Actinomyces israelil

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24
Q

Draining abscesses

A

Actinomycosis

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25
Syphillis
Caused by a spirochete: Treponema pallidum | Organisms die when exposed to air and changed in temperature
26
How is syphillis transmitted
Direct contact Sexual contact Transfusion of infected blood to a fetus from an infected mother
27
Lesions for primary stage of syphillis
Chancre
28
Lesion for secondary stage of syphillis
Mucous patch
29
Lesions for latent stage of syphillis
None
30
Lesion for tertiary stage of syphillis
Gumma
31
Secondary stage of syphillis
Diffuse eruptions occur on skin and mucosa membranes
32
Mucous patches
Oral lesions that appear as multiple, painless, grayish-white plaques covering ulcerated mucosa Most infectious
33
Tertiary stage of syphillis
Chiefly involves the cardiovascular system and the nervous system
34
Gumma
A firm mass Noninfectious A destructive lesions that can result in perforation of the palatal bone
35
Congenital syphills
Treponema pallidum can cross the placenta and enter the fetal circulation Causes serious, irreversible damage to the child, including facial and dental abnormalities.
36
Treatment of syphillis
Penicillin
37
Necrotizing ulcerative gingivits (NUG)
A painful erythematous gingivitis with necrosis of interdental papillae (papillae punched out)
38
Symptons of NUG
Necrosis results in cratering of the interdental papillae | Sloughing of necrotic tissue causes a pseudomembrane to form over the tissue
39
Pericoronitis
Inflammation around the crown of a partially erupted, impacted tooth. Most commonly around a 3rd molar
40
Operculum
soft tissue flap
41
Acute osteomyletitis
Acute inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
42
Most commonly the result of a periapical abscess
acute osteomyletitis
43
Diagnosis of acute osteomyletitis
Nonviable bone Necrotic debris Acute inflammation Bacterial colonies in marrow spaces
44
Chronic osteomyletits
A long-standing inflammation of bone | Known as chronic sclerosing osteomyletitis when radiopacity develops on radiograph
45
Candidiasis
The outcome of a overgrowth of candida albicans | Organism can be identified in a scraping of the lesions
46
Types of oral candidiasis
``` Pseudomembranous candidiasis Erythematous candidiasis Denture stomatitis Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis Angular Chelitis ```
47
Pseudomembranous candidiasis
A white curdlike material is present on the mucosal surface
48
Erythematous candidiasis
The presenting complaint is of an erythematous, often painful mucosa
49
Denture stomatitis
The most common type of candidiasis Most common on palate and maxillary alveolar ridge Limited to the mucosa covered by the denture
50
Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis
A white lesion that does not wipe off the mucosa | Will respond to antifungal medication
51
Angular chelitis
Erythema or fissuring at the labial commissures
52
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
A severe form that usually occurs in patients who are severly immunocompromised
53
Median rhomboid glossitis
An erythematous, often rhomboid-shaped, flat to raised area on the midline of the posterior dorsal tongue Candidia can be identified in some lesions
54
Deep fungal infections
Oral lesions may be caused by deep fungal infections such as histoplasmosis, conccidiodmycosis, blastomycosis, and cryptococcosis. Primarily involved in lungs
55
Treatment of deep fungal infections
Systemic antifungal medication, such as amphotericin B, ketoconazole, or itraconazole
56
Mucormycosis (phycomycosis)
Rare fungal infection Organism commonly found in soil and usually is nonpathogenic Can present as a proliferating or destructive mass in the maxilla
57
HPV
More than 130 types of papillomavirus have been identified
58
HPV associated with cancer
HPV 16 and 18
59
Verruca Vulgaris (common wart)
A papillary lesion caused by a HPV | Usually a white, papillary, exophytic lesion that closely resembles a papilloma
60
Condyloma Acuminatum
A benign papillary lesions caused by a papillomavirus Transmitted by sexual contact May be transmitted to oral cavity through oral-genital contact
61
Appearance of condyloma acuminatum
Papillary, bulbous pink masses that can occur anywehere in the oral mucosa
62
Multifocal Epithelial hyperplasia (Heck Disease)
Characterized by the prescence of multiple whitish to pale pink nodules distrubuted thoughout the oral cavity Most common in children
63
Herpes simplex infection
Two major groups 1) Type 1 - oral infetion 2) Type 2- genital infections Called human herpesviruses (HHVs)
64
Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
Initial infection with herpes simplex virus Painful, erythematous, and swollen gingiva and multiple tiny vesicles on perioral skin, vermillion border of lips, and oral mucosa may be seen.
65
Most commonly occurs in children ages 6 months and 6 years
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
66
Recurrent herpes simplex infection
The virus tends to persist in a latent stage * usually in nerve tissue of the trigeminal ganglion Can cause eye infection Primary infection at site of inoculation
67
Most common locaton for recurrent herpes simplex infection
Lips; Herpes labialis
68
Occurs intraorally on keratinized mucosa that is attached to bone
Recurrent herpes simplex infection
69
Herpetic whitlow
A painful infection of the fingers caused by a primary or secondary infection
70
Varicella-Zoster virus
Causes both chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster) Respiratory aerosols and contact with secretions from skin lesions transmit the virus
71
Herpes Zoster: Shingles
Secondary chickenpox Any branch of the trigeminal nerve may be involved if lesions affect the face Vesicles are often preceded with pain, burning, or paresthesia

Pathology Exam 2 (5 decks)

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