Chapter 4 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
What’s prehistory?
A
prehistory is the earliest times of human society, where there were no written records
2
Q
What’s material culture?
A
the physical remnants of a society
3
Q
What’s the Paleolithic period?
A
the old stone age: to c. 8500 BCE
4
Q
What happened during the Paleolithic period?
A
- people began to use tools made of stone
2. people began to develop culture (language, etc.)
5
Q
What’s the earliest time period about which historians have reliable evidence of?
A
the Paleolithic period
6
Q
What’s the neolithic period?
A
the new stone age
7
Q
What happened during the neolithic period?
A
from c. 8500 to c. 3500
- people began to settle down to farm the land
- people began to domesticate plants and animals
8
Q
What happened in Mesopotamia?
A
also called the fertile crescent, one of the first regions in which humans developed full scale civilization.
9
Q
What’s the first domesticate danimal
A
dog
10
Q
What animals did the Middle East and Europe domesticate?
A
- sheep
- goats
- cows
- pigs
11
Q
What animal did North Africa domesticate
A
donkeys
12
Q
What animal did arabia domesticate
A
camel
13
Q
What animal did Asia domesticate
A
water buffalo
14
Q
What’s pastoralism?
A
a form of agriculture where you tend animals and move them from place to place to get the best water and pasture land
15
Q
Where did people practice pastoralism?
A
africa and central asia
16
Q
What’re the effects of the neolithic revolution?
A
effects of the neolithic revolution:
- architecture
- social structure
- art
17
Q
What’re some characteristics of a civilization?
A
characteristics of a civilization:
- settled agriculture
- gov’t
- religion
- writing
- social structure
18
Q
Where’s Mesopotamia?
A
between the tigris and Euphrates rivers
19
Q
What’s the cradle of human civilization?
A
mesopotamia
20
Q
Who are the Sumerians?
A
the Sumerians are people who settled in Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE
21
Q
What did Sumerians speak
A
semitic
22
Q
what’s semitic
A
a language that includes Hebrew, Aramaic, and arabic
23
Q
What did the Sumerians do?
A
the developed the first written language and invented the wheel
24
Q
who developed settled agriculture
A
the sumerians
25
What was the Sumerian leadership like
kings and pirests
26
What're ziggurats?
step pyramid temples that symbolize the power of kings, priests, and gods
27
who made ziggurats
sumerians
28
What's the written language of the Sumerians?
cuneiform script
29
What's cuneiform
wedge shaped markings
30
What was the transport in ancient Mesopotamia?
1. wheeled carts pulled by animals
| 2. horse drawn chariots
31
who conquered the sumerians
akkadians
32
who's the leader of the akkadians
sargon
33
Who's Hammurabi?
a ruler of old babylonian
34
what did Hammurabi do
Hammurabi created Hammurabi's code
35
what's Hammurabi's code
a legal code of ancient mesopotamia
36
what's the capital of assyrians
nineveh
37
Who conquered Babylon?
Alexander the great
38
What's Babylon?
the heart of mesopotamia
39
why's the nile important?
1. it flooded every year, providing irrigation and silt for crops
2. it also provided papyrus
3. transport
40
why's papyrus important for Egyptians
it's used to make paper, rope, and sails
41
What're pharaohs?
Egyptian god kings
42
What's the book of the dead?
an Egyptian book that contains spells and instructions to guide the spirit in the afterlife
43
What did Egyptians excel at
1. anatomy
2. math
3. astronomy
44
What're the bantu migrations
The Bantu Migration was a massive migration of people across Africa around 1500 BCE when they began to settle into an agricultural lifestyle
45
What was the kush civilization
a civilization in Egypt that was heavily influenced by Egyptian culture
46
What're the two major cities in the Indus River valley in india
1. harappa
| 2. mohenjo daro
47
what were Harappa and mohenjo daro?
cities in the Indus River valley that were walled cities in a grid structure
48
What was special about Harappa and mohenjo daro?
1. it had sewage systems and drainage structures to transport waste
2. irrigation
3. major trading centers
49
What was the social structure of the Indus River valley?
it was controlled by priests
50
Who were the aryans
nomadic herders from Asia that moved to india between 1600 and 1000 BCE and developed and agricultural civilization in the ganges river valley.
51
What did the aryan empire do?
it developed hinduism and buddhism
52
What're brahmins?
priests
53
What's the caste structure of India's society?
```
indian society:
1 brahmin
2. merchants
3. warriors
4. peasants
5. untouchables
```
54
What're Varnas?
india's social categories like brahmin and merchants
55
What's miscegenation?
marriage between two people of different ethnic groups or castes
56
What're some hindu beliefs?
1. ur caste determined your life path
2. your soul is reincarnated
3. karma
57
What's the basis of buddhist beliefs?
four noble truths
58
what're the buddhist four noble truths?
1. life is suffering
2. suffering is the result of craving permanence
3. craving may be stopped
4. you stop cravings by following the eightfold path
59
What's the buddhist eightfold path?
the code of personal and mental conduct you follow to stop cravings
60
what're some buddhist ideals?
1. four noble truths
| 2. eightfold path
61
What did buddha do?
he rejected the Indian caste system and believed in equality
62
What's a benefit of settling along the yellow river in china
periodic flooding led to fertile soil
63
What's the xia dynasty?
1. it was ruled by a collection of clans, each with its own ruler
2. walled cities
64
What's the Shang dynasty?
1. the first dynasty to have a written record
| 2. developed Chinese pictographic writing system
65
what were the Shang like?
they were nomad warriors
66
What's the mandate of heaven?
the power to rule came from the gods in china
67
What's the feudal system
vassals served in exchange for fiefs of land from which they collect revenue
68
What're vassals in the feudal system
leaders that were loyal to their masters in exchange for fiefs
69
What's Feng shui
the idea that human built structures should be harmoniously aligned with nature
70
what's the warring states period
when the many rulers in china fought for dominance
71
What's sun tzu's art of war?
a military handbook from china
72
What're the analects?
a collection of confucian sayings
73
What's confucianism?
primarily ethical, and rooted in the development of specific leadership and personal qualities for the purpose of creating a good gov't
74
What's filial piety
children have to respect parents
75
What's legalism?
a form of strict authoritarian rule in china
76
What's taoism?
a religion that's nature based from china
77
Did early american civilizations develop in river valleys?
no
78
what're the features of the olmec civilization?
1. fishing is a major for source
2. irrigation
3. settled agriculture
79
where's the olmec civilization
mesoamerica
80
What's the distinctive architecture of the olmec civilization
enormous stone heads
81
What's the religion of the olmec?
polytheistic
82
What're the features of the teotihuacan culture?
1. large urban areas
| 2. temples to the snake god quetzalcoatl
83
where's the teotihuacan culture located?
central Mexico
84
What's the high point of mesoamerican civilization?
the mayan civilzation
85
What're the features of the mayan civilization
1. urban society
2. complex religion
3. monumental architecture
86
What're the major civilizations in mesoamerica?
1. olmec
2. teotihuacan
3. mayan
87
what's the main weakness in all of the mesoamerican civilizations?
no major river around which to grow.
88
What's the logographic writing system?
a single character represents a complete unit of meaning
89
examples of the logographic writing system?
Chinese, Korean, japanese
90
What's the alphabetic writing system?
a single letter represents a sound, or part of a syllable
91
What's the syllabic writing system?
a single character represents a syllable or group of sounds
92
Where's the chavín located?
in the Andean mountains of Peru
93
What're the features of the chavin?
1. terraced mounds and platforms
| 2. advanced metalwork
94
What're the two North American civilizations
1. hopewell
| 2. mississippian
95
Whats a feature of the hopewell and Mississippian North American civs?
1. mound building
96
What's the importance of mound building?
defense, burial, ceremony, religion
97
What's a similarity between early societies?
1. they used rivers to promote settled agriculture
| 2. gov't system
98
what's the epic of gilgamesh?
epic of gilgamesh is an epic poem and one of the earliest known examples of literature, similar to the Hebrew bible
99
What's early egyptian civilization?
early egyptian civilization was the period of egyptian history (c. 3100 to c. 1200 BCE) marked by the repeated rise and fall of many dynasties.
100
What two religions developed in india?
1. buddhism
| 2. hinduism
101
How did chinese civ. begin?
with xia, shang, and zhou dyn.
