Chapter 6 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What’re the 3 great monotheistic religions of the world
A
judaism, christianity, and islam
2
Q
similarities between judaism, christianity, and islam?
A
similarities between judaism, christianity, and islam:
- worship one single god: the same god
- they trace their history back to the patriarch Abraham
3
Q
what does patriarch mean?
A
father
4
Q
Where is Abraham from, according to judaism?
A
ancient mesopotamia
5
Q
Who’s abraham?
A
abraham is The patriarch who is considered the founder of the three major monotheistic faiths: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
6
Q
Who’s king david?
A
king david 1. united the Jewish people 2. moved the capital to Jerusalem. 3. David and his son Solomon ruled over the united people of Israel during a Jewish golden age (c. 1020 B.C.E. to c. 920 B.C.E.)
7
Q
What’s the Babylonian Captivity?
A
the Babylonian Captivity was when
1. After Israel was destroyed in 586 B.C.E., the Jewish people began their period of living in exile from their homeland.
- Many of the Hebrew Scriptures were written down during this time period.
8
Q
What’re the Old and New Testaments?
A
Old and New Testaments are the two primary components of Christian Scripture.
9
Q
What’s the Old testament?
A
The Old Testament shares the stories of the Jewish people
10
Q
What’s the new testament
A
the New Testament the stories of Jesus’ life and the early Christian church.
11
Q
Who’s Paul the Apostle?
A
Paul the Apostle is
- The author of much of the New Testament
- Paul opened Christianity up to the Gentiles, or non-Jews, causing it to spread
12
Q
What’s Great Schism of 1054
A
Great Schism of 1054 was The split between the Eastern and Western Christian churches because of theological differences.
13
Q
Who ruled what during the Great Schism of 1054?
A
The Western church was ruled from Rome, while the Eastern church was ruled from Constantinople.
14
Q
What’s the Hadith?
A
accounts of Muhammad’s saying and actions
15
Q
What’re the Five Pillars of Islam?
A
Five Pillars of Islam are The foundational practices of Islam:
- the profession of faith
- prayer
- alms-giving
- fasting during Ramadan
- pilgrimage to Mecca
16
Q
What’re the Sunnis and Shi’ites?
A
Sunnis and Shi’ites are The two primary sects of Islam.
17
Q
What’re the vast majority of muslims?
A
The vast majority of Muslims are Sunni
18
Q
What are the Sunni Muslims?
A
they follow the established succession of power from
the first four Caliphs to the Umayyad dynasty.
19
Q
What are the Shi’ite muslims?
A
they reject the Umayyads and follow the family of Ali.
20
Q
What’s the vedas?
A
vedas are The earliest religious texts of Hinduism, which are made up of a
collection of poems and rituals
21
Q
Who’s Siddhartha Gautama?
A
Siddhartha Gautama is The founder of Buddhism, who rejected his earthly life to pursue nirvana
22
Q
What’s shinto?
A
Shinto is A religion native to Japan that centers on the forces of nature and how
they manifest in the physical world
23
Q
When did judaism begin?
A
aorund 1800 BCE
24
Q
What’s the first great monotheistic religion?
A
Judaism developed as the first great monotheistic religion.
25
Is hinduism polytheistic or monotheistic?
polytheistic
26
what did buddhism come from?
Buddhism arose out of Hinduism in the 6th century B.C.E.
27
How did buddhism form?
The man born Siddhartha Gautama became the Buddha after having reached
nirvana, ultimate enlightenment.
28
what did christianity come from?
1. Christianity arose out of Judaism about 2,000 years ago
| 2. formed around the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.
29
What religions did christianity clash with?
judaism and islam
30
What's the most recent of the great religions to develop?
Islam is the most recent of the great religions to develop, not arising until the 7th century C.E.
31
What's islam's holy book?
The Qur’an is Islam’s holy book.
32
What's Islam?
Islam centers on the figure of Muhammad, who claims to have been visited by the angel Gabriel and given the word of God to memorize and spread to others.
33
Why's abraham's life important?
his life marked the formation of a holy covenant, or agreement, between God and the ancient Jews.
34
what's the Ark of the Covenant?
the Ark of the Covenant is a group of hebrews that believed the sacred law tables given by God to Moses were held.
35
What did king david do?
King David successfully united the Jews and moved his administrative capital to Jerusalem
36
Who's King David's son?
King Solomon
37
What did King David's son King Solomon do?
commissioned the building of the First Temple in Jerusalem around 960 B.C.E.
38
What happened after king solomon died?
the once-unified kingdom was split into two.
1. The northern half, called Israel, had its capital at Samaria
2. while the southern half, called Judah, had its capital at Jerusalem.
39
what was early judaism like?
highly patriarchal
40
What're the two ancient jewish kingdoms?
israel and judah
41
What did Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar do?
The Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar
1. conquered Judah
2. started the babylonian captivity
42
What did Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar do to start the babylonian captivity?
Nebuchadnezzar
1. destroyed the temple of Jerusalem, the center of Jewish worship, and exiled the Jewish ruling classes, taking them back to Babylon.
2. This period of exile is known as the Babylonian Captivity and marks the beginning of the Jewish “Diaspora”
43
What're synagogues?
gathering places in which the community could
| worship and participate in educational activities
44
What's sabbath?
jewish day of rest
45
Who are the maccabees?
military rulers of the Hasmonean dynasty.
46
what did the maccabees do?
leaders of a jewish revolt that regained hebrew rule over judea.
47
What's the history behind Hannukah?
the day that the maccabees led a jewish revolt that regained hebrew rule over judea.
48
What were the effects of the maccabees? (2)
1. reducied the influence of Hellenistic culture among the Jews
2. expanded the boundaries of Judea by conquering neighboring provinces.
49
Who's herod?
a roman that ruled over the Jews and built Masada, a fortress in Judea
50
What's the Bar Kokhba Rebellion or third revolt?
the jewish peoples' failed attempt at getting rid of Roman rule.
51
What's the Zionist?
Zionist was the Jewish movement to return to the homeland in the late 19th century
52
What two religions came from judaism?
1. christianity
2. islam
Christianity, also a monotheistic religion, itself began as a Jewish sect. And even Islam traces its history to the Jewish patriarch Abraham.
53
who's Pontius Pilate in christianity?
Pontius Pilate was a Roman that held the mock trial to crucify Jesus
54
Many of the foundational teachings of Christianity come from what?
Many of the foundational teachings of Christianity come from APOSTLE PAUL
55
why did the romans hate christians?
they refused to worship the roman emperors
56
Many of the earliest Christians were what?
Many of the earliest Christians were slaves and women, who may have found Christianity’s emphasis on the equality of all believers somewhat liberating.
57
What's the Council of Nicaea?
Council of Nicaea is a meeting of Christian bishops, to
| resolve theological differences between different Christian groups.
58
who's Emperor Theodosius and what did he do?
Emperor Theodosius was a Roman emperor that required all romans to believe in christianity as the state religion
59
Who's the pope?
the head bishop
60
Who's the founder of islam?
Muhammad, an Arab merchant
61
What's the Qur'an?
Muslims believe it is the word of God
62
What're some beliefs of islam?
1. Muhammad was the final messenger from God to the people of earth
2. Muslims are descended not from Abraham’s son Ishmael
63
what does islam mean
submission (to God)
64
What're the bases of islamic law?
the qur'an and the hadith
65
What's shari'a?
islamic law
66
What're qadis?
islamic judges
67
What're the five pillars of islam?
The Five Pillars of Islam are the five basic tenets of the faith, combining individual spiritual responsibility, social justice, and worship of one God (monotheism).
68
what're the muslim prayer requirements?
Muslims are required to pray five times a day in the direction of Mecca
69
What's hajj?
musim pilgrimage to mecca
70
What's medina?
an agricultural center that muhammed fled to in 622
71
What's the hijra?
muhammed's move to medina in 622
72
What's umma?
a community of believers in islam
73
What's special about the town of mecca?
for islam, it's the site of the Ka'aba, an ancient site of religious worship
74
What's the caliph?
ruler of muslim community
75
Who's abu bakr?
muhammad's father in law
76
What did abu bakr do?
he spread islam via warfare across the arab peninsula
77
Who's charles martel the hammer?
frankish-carolingian ruler that stopped the muslim invaders in france.
78
Who's charlemagne?
frankish-carolingian ruler that fought to solidify christianity over western europe
79
purpose of first crusade?
to recapture holy land from the muslims
80
Who's pope urban 2?
the western catholic pope after the great schism of 1054
81
how did the first crusade help the christians?
Crusading forces provided an entirely Christian-controlled path to the holy land for pilgrims to take.
82
What're imams?
islam religious leaders
83
What's the umayyad empire known for?
1. famous monuments (in medina, damascus, jerusalem)
| 2. spread islam into northern africa and spain
84
What's the umayyad capital?
damascus
85
What's the battle of talas river in 751?
the umayyads defeat the chinese, opening up silk road trade to muslims
86
how did islamic culture benefit western culture?
arabic translations of greek scientific and philosophical writings kept alive Greek thought and tradition that otherwise may have been lost.
87
What's sanskrit?
one of the languages of the aryan people
88
What're the upanishads?
hindu writings that described the rituals to be carried out by Hindu priests as well as the basic concepts of the religion.
89
What's brahmanis?
the universal spirit
90
What're the basic concepts of Hinduism?
1. Brahman is the universal spirit, and each person has a soul (atman) that will, after a full cycle of reincarnation (samsara), be freed from the physical plane and be reunited with the universal Brahman spirit from which it originated.
2. Throughout life, one must follow one’s dharma, a set of ethical rules appropriate to one’s class and caste.
3. karma
91
What's samsara?
a full cycle of reincarnation in hinduism
92
what's dharma?
dharma is a set of ethical rules appropriate to one’s class and caste in hinduism
93
What's moksha?
in hinduism, it's the process where you become one with the Brahman.
94
What religion flourished during the tang dynasty?
buddhism
95
What foreign religion was big in japan?
buddhism
96
What's zen buddhism?
based on a Chinese form of Buddhism known as Chan Buddhism.
97
What're the gospels?
The first four books of the New Testament; narratives
| of Jesus’s life
98
Other narratives, gospels, and letters of apostles
| not included in the New Testament and that not all believers consider authentic
THE APOCRYPHA are Other narratives, gospels, and letters of apostles not included in the New Testament and that not all believers consider authentic
99
What's jihad?
1. sacred struggle
2. Jihad in times of war could be physical or military combat to expand dar al-Islam, the “abode of Islam,” which could mean either territory ruled by Muslims or wherever Islam is practiced
3. in daily life, the greater jihad is simply a personal spiritual call to live righteously and struggle for self-perfection
100
hinduism
| What's vishnu?
Vishnu The Preserver. A four-armed, blue-skinned major deity who took three steps, thereby creating man, the earth, and heaven
101
hinduism
| What's ganesha?
Ganesha The elephant-headed god who brings good luck
102
hinduism
| What's shiva?
Shiva The Destroyer. A positive deity despite the name, Shiva symbolizes the cycle of life and death, destruction and creation.
103
hinduism
| What's krishna?
Krishna An incarnation of Vishnu as a shepherd boy who appears in the Bhagavad Gita as the Supreme Person, the root of all other gods
104
hinduism
| What's Brahma?
Brahma The Creator God. His origins lie in a god from the same Indo-Aryan tradition that gave us the Norse, Greek, and Roman gods.
105
hinduism
| What's Brahman?
```
Not to be confused with the similarly named priest class
or creator god. Brahman is the World Soul, the transcendent spirit of all things.
```
106
What's the Pali Canon?
an important buddhist text:
1. They include the code of ethics for followers of Buddha, accounts of Buddha’s life and teachings, and the philosophical underpinnings of Buddhism.
2. Also known as the tripitaka, the “Three Baskets.”
107
What's jainism?
another indian religion based on hinduism
- Stresses spiritual independence and nonviolence; as a
result requires vegetarianism of its adherents.
108
What's sikhism?
combo of Hinduism and Islam
109
What's zoroastrianism?
An ancient, yet still existent, monotheistic (or duotheistic: one benevolent god, one devil-figure) religion of Persia
110
What's baha'i the religion?
Baha’i faith centers on the oneness of God, of all religions, and of all humanity.
