Chapter 8 Flashcards
what’s Mercantilism?
Mercantilism is when trade and commerce was controlled by governments so that they could ensure sufficient funding for the crown, wars, and the exploration of the non-European world
What’s Capitalism?
Capitalism is An economic system in which you generate private wealth.
- Governments are hands off when it comes to the economy
What’s the Age of Exploration?
the Age of Exploration is the Time period from the 15th to 17th centuries during which European nations explored and colonized.
What’s a Joint-stock company?
Joint-stock company is when Investors purchase shares in companies, and received a portion of their profits.
What’s the Scientific Revolution?
Scientific Revolution was A massive shift in the way people thought about the world, from religious to scientific.
What’s the Protestant Reformation?
Protestant Reformation is A movement started in the 16th century to
- curb the power of the Catholic Church
- and to offer alternative religious and political options to those who wanted them.
Major figures in the protestant reformation?
Major figures include Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli.
What’re the “Ninety-Five Theses”?
The document that started the Protestant Reformation.
- Martin Luther nailed it to the door of a church, and when the Church responded with punishment, he launched his new movement.
Who’s King Henry VIII?
King Henry VIII was the King of England (1509–1547) who split from the Roman Catholic
Church and founded the Church of England.
What’s the Council of Trent?
Council of Trent was The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation.
- The Council of Trent failed at bringing Protestants back into the Church
What’s the Edict of Nantes?
After an era of religious warfare, Henry IV of France issued the Edict of
Nantes as a protective order for Protestants
What’s the Peace of Westphalia?
Peace of Westphalia Brought an end the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), weakening Spain, Germany, and the Holy Roman Empire.
Effect of the Peace of Westphalia?
This opened the door for
France to dominate the coming century
What did Peter the Great do?
Peter the Great:
- turned Russia toward Western Europe.
- modernized almost every aspect of Russian government, military, and society.
What’s the American Revolution?
American Revolution was the War to free the 13 American colonies from English rule.
1. Started with the Declaration of Independence
What’s the Enlightenment?
Enlightenment was a major shift in European thought, which scientific/secular thought over religious.
What’s the French Revolution?
French Revolution was when King Louis XVI was dethroned
and the National Assembly declared itself the author of a new
constitution.
Effect of french revolution?
it plunged France into an era of chaos, broadly known
as “The Reign of Terror.”
What’re the Napoleonic Wars?
Napoleonic Wars are The period during which Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself First
Consul of the Convention and led France in battle against Austria,
Britain, and Russia
When’s the industrial revolution?
early 19th century
What’s the Industrial Revolution?
Industrial Revolution changed the shape of Western Europe. The invention of machines to do many tasks, and the rise in mass production.
What did Karl Marx do?
Karl Marx introduced the concept of socialism, calling for a revolt of the working class against their capitalist oppressors.
how was the Ottoman Empire throughout the 16th to 19th century?
- the Ottoman Empire struggled to keep up with the Western European nations as they progressed through the
Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and Industrialization. - by the 19th century it was called the “sick man of Europe.”
What’re the Opium Wars?
Opium Wars were A series of battles and treaties that altered the relationship between England and China.
What’s the Sino-Japanese War?
Sino-Japanese War:
marked the first sign of Japan as a military force in Asia.
When did sino-japanese war take place?
1894-1895
When and who founded the Mughal Empire?
Babur founded it in the 1520s
what happened to japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate?
Tokugawa Shogunate:
1. During this period, Japan almost completely cut itself off from Western Europe.
2. It still had limited contact through trade, but Tokugawa
ensured Japan had control over which aspects of Western culture came
into its borders.
When did the Meiji Restoration take place?
Meiji Restoration took place after 1866 in japan
What’s the Meiji Restoration?
japan modernized: 1. The feudal system was abolished 2. government was centralized 3. samurai were replaced with a normal army.
Who’s Simón Bolívar?
Simón Bolívar was One of many prominent leaders of Latin American revolts of the 19th century.
What were the Latin American revolts of the 19th century?
Latin American revolts of the 19th century advocated for the rights of the poor
What’s the Middle Passage? (2 definitions)
- This time period in Africa is marked mostly by the slave trade.
- The Middle Passage refers to the trip across the Atlantic Ocean made by slave ships going from Africa to the Americas
What were the economic effects of European colonization of the Americas? (3)
- mercantilism
- capitalism
- industrialization
What were the political effects of European colonization of the Americas?
- drove the african slave trade
2. anticolonial independence movements
What were the effects of the protestant reformation?
effects of the protestant reformation:
- decreased power of catholic church in europe
- increased literacy rates of the peasants bc of reading bibles
- the enlightenment
what did Nicolaus Copernicus during the enlightenment?
Nicolaus Copernicus developed mathematical theories regarding the revolution of planets and the sun.
What was the last great muslim empire?
ottoman empire
who were The major thinkers of the Enlightenment?
The major thinkers of the Enlightenment are
Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
outcome of the opium wars?
Ultimately, the English gained trade rights in
China and the territory of Hong Kong.
Who colonized the aztecs?
the spanish, led by hernan cortes
effect of spanish colonizing the aztecs?
smallpox and typhus dcimated the native populations
Who colonized the incans?
the spanish, led by francisco pizarro
how were the effects of colonization on the africans and native americans different?
Because Africa had long
been integrated with the European trading networks, most Africans had
built up a resistance to European diseases; Native Americans, on the
other hand, did not have a chance to develop such defenses
Who were the first to start colonizing?
The Portuguese were the first, establishing
colonies on both the west and east coasts of sub-Saharan Africa and along
the east coast of South America in Brazil,
What did the spanish do at their colonies?
The Spanish
1. taxed the inhabitants via the
encomienda system
2. used native/slave labor to mine metals and work on cash crop plantations
Where did the dutch colonize?
South Africa, Guiana in South America, and much of Indonesia
Where did the french colonize?
eastern Canada and parts of the Caribbean
Where did the english colonize?
in Indian ports and the east coast of North America
effect of joint stock companies?
the merchant middle class grew
What’s the Muscovy Company of England?
Muscovy Company of England monopolized trade routes to Russia
What’s the Dutch East India
Company?
Dutch East India Company controlled routes to the Spice Islands (modern-day Indonesia)
How did countries follow the theory of mercantilism?
Under the theory of mercantilism, a country sought to achieve trade, but tried not to import more than it exported
- it attempted to create a favorable balance of trade
