Chapter 8 Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
what’s Mercantilism?
A
Mercantilism is when trade and commerce was controlled by governments so that they could ensure sufficient funding for the crown, wars, and the exploration of the non-European world
2
Q
What’s Capitalism?
A
Capitalism is An economic system in which you generate private wealth.
- Governments are hands off when it comes to the economy
3
Q
What’s the Age of Exploration?
A
the Age of Exploration is the Time period from the 15th to 17th centuries during which European nations explored and colonized.
4
Q
What’s a Joint-stock company?
A
Joint-stock company is when Investors purchase shares in companies, and received a portion of their profits.
5
Q
What’s the Scientific Revolution?
A
Scientific Revolution was A massive shift in the way people thought about the world, from religious to scientific.
6
Q
What’s the Protestant Reformation?
A
Protestant Reformation is A movement started in the 16th century to
- curb the power of the Catholic Church
- and to offer alternative religious and political options to those who wanted them.
7
Q
Major figures in the protestant reformation?
A
Major figures include Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli.
8
Q
What’re the “Ninety-Five Theses”?
A
The document that started the Protestant Reformation.
- Martin Luther nailed it to the door of a church, and when the Church responded with punishment, he launched his new movement.
9
Q
Who’s King Henry VIII?
A
King Henry VIII was the King of England (1509–1547) who split from the Roman Catholic
Church and founded the Church of England.
10
Q
What’s the Council of Trent?
A
Council of Trent was The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation.
- The Council of Trent failed at bringing Protestants back into the Church
11
Q
What’s the Edict of Nantes?
A
After an era of religious warfare, Henry IV of France issued the Edict of
Nantes as a protective order for Protestants
12
Q
What’s the Peace of Westphalia?
A
Peace of Westphalia Brought an end the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), weakening Spain, Germany, and the Holy Roman Empire.
13
Q
Effect of the Peace of Westphalia?
A
This opened the door for
France to dominate the coming century
14
Q
What did Peter the Great do?
A
Peter the Great:
- turned Russia toward Western Europe.
- modernized almost every aspect of Russian government, military, and society.
15
Q
What’s the American Revolution?
A
American Revolution was the War to free the 13 American colonies from English rule.
1. Started with the Declaration of Independence
16
Q
What’s the Enlightenment?
A
Enlightenment was a major shift in European thought, which scientific/secular thought over religious.
17
Q
What’s the French Revolution?
A
French Revolution was when King Louis XVI was dethroned
and the National Assembly declared itself the author of a new
constitution.
18
Q
Effect of french revolution?
A
it plunged France into an era of chaos, broadly known
as “The Reign of Terror.”
19
Q
What’re the Napoleonic Wars?
A
Napoleonic Wars are The period during which Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself First
Consul of the Convention and led France in battle against Austria,
Britain, and Russia
20
Q
When’s the industrial revolution?
A
early 19th century
21
Q
What’s the Industrial Revolution?
A
Industrial Revolution changed the shape of Western Europe. The invention of machines to do many tasks, and the rise in mass production.
22
Q
What did Karl Marx do?
A
Karl Marx introduced the concept of socialism, calling for a revolt of the working class against their capitalist oppressors.
23
Q
how was the Ottoman Empire throughout the 16th to 19th century?
A
- the Ottoman Empire struggled to keep up with the Western European nations as they progressed through the
Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and Industrialization. - by the 19th century it was called the “sick man of Europe.”
24
Q
What’re the Opium Wars?
A
Opium Wars were A series of battles and treaties that altered the relationship between England and China.
25
What's the Sino-Japanese War?
Sino-Japanese War:
| marked the first sign of Japan as a military force in Asia.
26
When did sino-japanese war take place?
1894-1895
27
When and who founded the Mughal Empire?
Babur founded it in the 1520s
28
what happened to japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate?
Tokugawa Shogunate:
1. During this period, Japan almost completely cut itself off from Western Europe.
2. It still had limited contact through trade, but Tokugawa
ensured Japan had control over which aspects of Western culture came
into its borders.
29
When did the Meiji Restoration take place?
Meiji Restoration took place after 1866 in japan
30
What's the Meiji Restoration?
```
japan modernized:
1. The feudal
system was abolished
2. government was centralized
3. samurai were replaced with a normal army.
```
31
Who's Simón Bolívar?
Simón Bolívar was One of many prominent leaders of Latin American revolts of the 19th century.
32
What were the Latin American revolts of the 19th century?
Latin American revolts of the 19th century advocated for the rights of the poor
33
What's the Middle Passage? (2 definitions)
1. This time period in Africa is marked mostly by the slave trade.
2. The Middle Passage refers to the trip across the Atlantic Ocean made by slave ships going from Africa to the Americas
34
What were the economic effects of European colonization of the Americas? (3)
1. mercantilism
2. capitalism
3. industrialization
35
What were the political effects of European colonization of the Americas?
1. drove the african slave trade
| 2. anticolonial independence movements
36
What were the effects of the protestant reformation?
effects of the protestant reformation:
1. decreased power of catholic church in europe
2. increased literacy rates of the peasants bc of reading bibles
3. the enlightenment
37
what did Nicolaus Copernicus during the enlightenment?
Nicolaus Copernicus developed mathematical theories regarding the revolution of planets and the sun.
38
What was the last great muslim empire?
ottoman empire
39
who were The major thinkers of the Enlightenment?
The major thinkers of the Enlightenment are
| Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
40
outcome of the opium wars?
Ultimately, the English gained trade rights in
| China and the territory of Hong Kong.
41
Who colonized the aztecs?
the spanish, led by hernan cortes
42
effect of spanish colonizing the aztecs?
smallpox and typhus dcimated the native populations
43
Who colonized the incans?
the spanish, led by francisco pizarro
44
how were the effects of colonization on the africans and native americans different?
Because Africa had long
been integrated with the European trading networks, most Africans had
built up a resistance to European diseases; Native Americans, on the
other hand, did not have a chance to develop such defenses
45
Who were the first to start colonizing?
The Portuguese were the first, establishing
colonies on both the west and east coasts of sub-Saharan Africa and along
the east coast of South America in Brazil,
46
What did the spanish do at their colonies?
The Spanish
1. taxed the inhabitants via the
encomienda system
2. used native/slave labor to mine metals and work on cash crop plantations
47
Where did the dutch colonize?
South Africa, Guiana in South America, and much of Indonesia
48
Where did the french colonize?
eastern Canada and parts of the Caribbean
49
Where did the english colonize?
in Indian ports and the east coast of North America
50
effect of joint stock companies?
the merchant middle class grew
51
What's the Muscovy Company of England?
Muscovy Company of England monopolized trade routes to Russia
52
What's the Dutch East India
| Company?
Dutch East India Company controlled routes to the Spice Islands (modern-day Indonesia)
53
How did countries follow the theory of mercantilism?
Under the theory of mercantilism, a country sought to achieve trade, but tried not to import more than it exported
- it attempted to create a favorable balance of trade
54
what did Nicolaus
| Copernicus do?
Nicolaus
Copernicus developed a math theory that said
1. the earth and the other celestial bodies revolved around the sun
2. the earth also rotated on its axis daily
55
what did Galileo Galilei do?
discovered the moons of Jupiter with his telescope
56
who's ptolemy?
the scientist who promoted the earth as the center of the universe
57
what's The Index?
The Index is a list of banned heretical works
58
what did francis bacon do?
published works on inductive logic.
59
what did Johannes
| Kepler do?
Johannes Kepler developed laws of planetary motion
60
what did sir isaac newton do?
1. he invented calculus
| 2. He also developed the law of gravity.
61
What's deism?
The deists believed in a powerful god who created and presided over an orderly realm but who did not interfere in its workings.
62
How did the protestant reformation originate?
The origins of the Protestant Reformation era lay in a broad dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church
63
Which three groups hated the catholic church?
1. the lower classes/peasants
2. the budding middle class
3. kings and other nobility
64
What did martin luther do?
1. a catholic priest that tried to reform the catholic church from within
2. He was particularly against selling indulgences, a process
by which a wealthy penitent could pay money to the Church in exchange
for the expiation of sins.
3. nailed his 95 theses to the door of the church in protest
65
Who's john calvin?
1. he preached a more severe brand of Protestantism.
2. Calvin believed that only certain people were born into salvation, and these
“elect” had a responsibility to lead others and to accumulate wealth.
66
The calvinist church was based on who's ideals?
john calvin's ideals of protestantism
67
what's the Peace of Augsburg?
Peace of Augsburg proclaimed the principle of cuius regio eius religio (whose realm, his
religion), according to which a prince could accept either the Protestant
or Catholic faith according to his conscience, and the citizens of his
territory would have to follow his lead
68
what did William Tyndale do?
William Tyndale translated the Bible into English, which helped the cause
of Protestantism gain a foothold in England
69
What did Mary Tudor aka bloody mary do?
Mary purged the court of Protestants and actively
| persecuted them throughout England
70
What did elizabeth 1 do?
Elizabeth I
1. supported the Anglican Church
2. instituted the
“Elizabethan Settlement"
71
What's the Elizabethan Settlement?
Elizabethan Settlement was when the Anglican Church was dominant, and both Catholic and Protestant sects were allowed to exist.
72
What did the jesuits do?
The Jesuits reached out to people in the Church with education programs.
73
What did emperor philip 2 of rome do?
he confiscated land from protestants, causing netherlands to revolt
74
Who are the puritans?
a Protestant sect that opposed Elizabeth’s
| position as head of the Anglican Church
75
What's the thirty years war?
a religious conflict between Protestant and Catholic.
76
What's the Glorious Revolution in england?
Glorious Revolution in England confirmed the power of the Parliament over the monarch
77
What's the french revolution?
the poor and the middle class against all forms of privilege held by the Church and the aristocracy
78
effect of french revolution?
the government in France turned into a constitutional
| monarchy.
79
What're natural rights?
rights that are unalienable and universal
80
What did thomas hobbes do?
created the idea that a king’s power to rule came not from God, but from the will of the people.
- power from the people
81
What did john locke do?
he created the idea of the social contract
82
What's the social contract?
Property was significant because citizens gave the
| government authority to control society in return for protection of citizens’ property right
83
What's the birthplace of the enlightenment?
france
84
Who are the philosophes?
writers and social critics who championed the idea that human reason
should be the basis for creating a good society
85
What's an enlightened despot?
enlightened despot is someone who was
| autocratic but was supported by the people
86
Who's king james 2 of england?
a catholic with close ties to france
87
What did thomas paine do?
write the pamphlet common sense
88
What's in the pamphlet common sense?
it assailed the monarchy and appealed to the colonists to form a better government.
89
How did france impact the american struggle for independence?
they gave them weapons, goods, and the french navy helped
90
What's the treaty of paris?
established american independence from britain
91
What's the estates general?
a council of representatives of three sectors of French society
92
What's the bourgeoisie?
bourgeoisie is the urban professional and merchant classes
93
What's the third estate in the french estates general?
a group made up of french commoners
94
What's the second estate in the french estates general?
a group made up of french nobility
95
What's the first estate in the french estates general?
the hurch
96
What's the national assembly?
the third estate declared itself that after it felt excluded from the estates general in france.
97
What's the tennis court oath?
The National Assembly took an oath not to dissolve until a constitution had been written, an event known as the Tennis Court Oath
98
What did the national assembly do after gaining power?
The National Assembly then
1. abolished feudalism, noble privilege, and tithes
paid to the Church
2. issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the Citizen
99
What's the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen?
proclaimed
1. the equality of all men
2. the law and the power of the law above any other power
100
who's napoleon bonaparte?
head of the rench government in 1799
101
what happened at the battle of trafalgar?
napoleon and the french lost to britain
102
What's the first successful slave revolt in history?
first successful slave revolt in history was the one in Haiti against French rule under Pierre Toussaint L’Ouverture
103
What're some inventions during the industrial revolution? (6)
1. railroads
2. steam ships
3. steel
4. plastic
5. electricity
6. guns
104
what were the social effects of the industrial revolution? (2)
1. many rural folk moved into urban areas bc of farm technology getting rid of jobs
2. labor unions rose
105
What're labor unions?
provide workers with
| collective bargaining power against the industrial ownership
106
What's the proleteriat?
urban workers
107
What's the treaty of vienna?
ended the Napoleonic Wars in 1815
108
What's the ottoman empire capital?
istanbul
109
Why's ottoman empire's capital istabnbul special?
it holds the hagia sophia, a christian church they converted into a mosque
110
What's special about the Qing dynasty?
it was ruled by The manchu
111
How did the manchu rule the qing dyn?
The invaders—the Manchu—did not seek to build a new China or a new
way of governing; instead, they adopted Chinese language and culture
and preserved the existing system
112
What's the treaty of nanking?
the treaty the qin dynasty was forced to sign after they lost the opium war to britain
113
What did the treaty of nanking do?
opened China to European trade,
114
What happened after china lost the opium war to britain?
they had to sign the treaty of nanking and give hong kong to britain
115
who won the second opium war?
britain again
116
What's the Taiping Rebellion?
led by a christian to bring down the manchus and traditional chinese civilization, manchus win
117
What's the boxer rebellion?
a rebellion against foreign intervention in China
118
when did the boxer rebellion take place?
1899-1901
119
what ended the qing dynasty?
xinhai revolution of 1911 started by sun yat-sen
120
What did akbar of the mughal empire do?
1. improve relationship between muslims and hindus
2. improved military and gov't
3. improved treatment of women
121
how did akbar of the mughal empire help women?
he anned child marriages and sati
122
What's sati?
sati is the ritual burning of widows
123
What did shah jahan of the mughal empire do?
1. built the taj mahal
| 2. persecuted hindus
124
Who are the marathas?
a hindu ethnic group
125
What're sepoys?
indian soldiers employed by the armies of the British East India Company
126
What's the raj?
british political rule in india
127
What're the daimyo?
japanese feudal families
128
Effect of Portuguese traders on japan?
they introduced firearms to japan in the 1540s
129
What did emperor hideyoshi of japan do?
persecuted christian missionaries.
130
What did commodore matthew perry do?
he threatened to attack tokyo unless they opened up trade to the americans, which they did open up
131
What's the russo-japanese war?
japan and russia fight over control of korea
132
What's the boer wars?
the british take control of the southern tip of africa
133
What're boers?
dutch farmers
134
What're the zulu wars?
the british fight the zulus in africa and win, maintaining their south african colony
