chapter 4

Question 1

define attachments

Answer 1

specific, enduring, emotional bond =s whose existence is of major importance in the process of socio-personality development

Question 2

What did John Bowbly claim about separation anxiety?

Answer 2

to explain behavioural tendencies of infants and parents, look at the “environment of evolutionary adaptedness”

Question 3

according to Bowbly, what does an infants survival depend on?

Answer 3

ability to maintain proximity to protective adults to obtain nourishment, comfort, and security

Question 4

what does an infant use “signals” for? According to Bowbly

Answer 4

infants rely on signals to entice adults to approach them

• adults must be predisposed to respond to these signals
• infants develop a variety of different means of achieving contact
• means change with development and gradually focus on specific persons (attachment figures)

Question 5

what do face-to-face play and distress relief sequences teach infants?

Answer 5

reciprocity: in social interaction, partners take turns acting and reacting
effectance: infant behaviour can affect the behaviour of others in predictable and consistent ways
trust - the caregiver can be counted on to respond when signalled

Question 6

when does social anxiety begin to appear in children?

Answer 6

6-8months - 18months

Question 7

what are the four categories of babies?

Answer 7

secure: seeks and greets parents, easily soothed
avoidant: ignores or avoids parent
resistant: clings to or pushes parent away
disorganized: extreme fear and confusion (resist and avoid)

Question 8

what is insecure attachment?

Answer 8

when an infant is unsure whether the caregiver will respond to infants signals due to lack of attention
- can lead to depression, anxiety, withdrawal, aggression

Question 9

what culture are babies the most avoidant?

Answer 9

Europe

Question 10

what culture are babies the most resistant?

Answer 10

Israel

Question 11

stability

Answer 11

attachment classifications are thought to accurate capture the essence of attachment relationships
- therefore, they should be stable (same results)

Question 12

predictive validity

Answer 12

if attachment is the foundation of later social and intimate relationships, then classifications should be predictive of the child’s future behaviour

Question 13

what is a social smile?

Answer 13

A smile evoked by a human face, normally first evidence in infants about 6 weeks after birth

Question 14

what is cortisol?

Answer 14

the primary stress hormone; fluctuations in body’s cortisol level affect human emotion

Question 15

define separation anxiety

Answer 15

an infant’s distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months

Question 16

what is stranger wariness?

Answer 16

an infants expression of concern - a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person , or a look of fear - when a stranger appears

Question 17

a persons realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people, refers to what?

Answer 17

self-awareness

Question 18

define temperament

Answer 18

inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self regulation
- it is measured by the person’s typical responses to the environment

Question 19

define synchrony

Answer 19

a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

Question 20

what are the three dimensions of temperament?

Answer 20

• effortful control: able to regulate attention and emotion, to self-soothe
• negative mood: fearful, angry, unhappy
• Surgency: active, social, not shy, exuberant

Question 21

define proximal parenting

Answer 21

caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby with frequent holding and touching

Question 22

define distal parenting

Answer 22

caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching

Question 23

define sensorimotor intelligence

Answer 23

piaget’s term for the way infants think - by using their senses and motor skills - during the first period of cognitive development

Question 24

define the a- not - b error

Answer 24

the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden

Question 25

define little scientist

Answer 25

the stage-five toddler (12-18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results , using trial and error in active and creative exploration

Question 26

what is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?

Answer 26

accommodation: the modification of an existing scheme (or creation of a new scheme) to make it applicable to a new situation

Question 27

what is cognitive equilibrium?

Answer 27

a state in which assimilation is dominant process

Question 28

what is cognitive disequilibrium?

Answer 28

a state in which accommodation is dominant process

Question 29

equilibration is….

Answer 29

the process of movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium