chapter 4 Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
T: processes of perception, interpretation, belief, and memory with which we evaluate and understand ourselves and other people
A
social cognition
2
Q
What we think helps to determine what we …, and then how we …
A
feel
act
3
Q
our first impressions only effect us until we meet them again
A
f the initial impressions the students formed continued to influence their feelings about each other 10 weeks later
4
Q
is our bias to listen to our first impressions false
A
some first impressions last because they are discerning and correct. On the other hand, first impressions can be remarkably persistent even when they’re erroneous
5
Q
That’s all it takes—only … milliseconds1—for us to determine whether a stranger’s face looks angry
A
39
6
Q
After more patient deliberation lasting one-tenth of a second, we have formed judgments of a stranger’s …3 that are the same as those we hold after a minute’s careful inspection of the person’s face
A
attractiveness, likeability, and trustworthiness
7
Q
after watching the stranger chat with someone of the other sex for only 5 seconds, we’ve decided how …3 he or she is
A
extraverted, conscientious, and intelligent
8
Q
Our snap judgments are influenced by the fact that everyone we meet …
A
fits some category of people about whom we already hold stereotyped first impressions.
9
Q
The judgments that result are often quite incorrect, but they’re hard to avoid: why
A
Stereotypes influence us automatically, Page even when we are unaware of using them
10
Q
what can someones shoes tell you
A
insight into others’ age, gender, income, and even anxiety about abandonment from nothing more than a picture of their shoes
11
Q
We tend to assume that men with high facial width-to-height ratios—whose faces are wide and short—are more likely to be prejudiced than those whose faces are narrower and taller but this assumption is incorrect
A
f correct
12
Q
With a quick glance at a politician’s face, we’re also fairly good at judging whether he is conservative or liberal
A
t
13
Q
if a man has a wide mouth, we tend to assume that he’s a …
A
good leader. (which is correct)
14
Q
If we do interact with someone, we stop jumping to conclusions.
A
f continue to
15
Q
the two descriptions offer the same information in a different order, and that’s enough to engender two different impressions what effect does this illustrate
A
primacy effect
16
Q
what is the primacy effect
A
tendency for the first information we receive about others to carry special weight, along with our instant impressions and our stereotypes, in shaping our overall impressions of them.
17
Q
when guessing if rich or poor guess how well Hannah was doing in school they assumed rick Hannah did better
A
f both the same
18
Q
how did they interpret Hannahs failure in rick vs poor
A
People who thought that Hannah was poor cited her mistakes and judged her as performing below average whereas those who thought she was rich noted her successes and rated her as considerably better than average.
19
Q
first impressions affect our interpretations of the subsequent information we encounter about others. They also affect our choices of the …
A
new information we seek
20
Q
They seek information that will prove them right more often than they look for examples that would prove them wrong :T
A
confirmation bias
21
Q
imagine that you’re instructed to interview a fellow student to find out if he or she is a sociable extravert, and you’re handed a list of possible questions to ask what do people choose
A
you’d select questions that probe for evidence that your expectation is correct. (when researchers asked some people to find out if a stranger was extraverted, but asked others to find out if the person was introverted)
22
Q
the problem with confirmatory biases is that …
A
they elicit one-sided information about others that fits our preconceptions—and as a result, we too rarely confront evidence that shows that our first impressions are wrong.
not only may we cling to snap judgments that are incorrect, but we’re also often overconfident
23
Q
hinking that we’re more accurate than we really are and making more mistakes than we realize :T
A
overconfident
24
Q
how did relationship development influence accuracy of STI history knowledge and confidence
A
They were overconfident when a new relationship began, and as the relationship developed, they only got worse
With greater familiarity, they became more certain that they understood their new partners well, but their accuracy did not change
25
When we meet others for the first time, ...2 influence our interpretations of the behavior we observe. ...2 may follow.
stereotypes and primacy effects
Confirmation biases and overconfidence
26
existing beliefs are influential at what stage of our relationships
at every stage of a relationship, and when it comes to our friends and lovers, we may see what we want to see and hold confident judgments that aren’t always right
27
does your roommate you or your mom know more about the future success of your relationship
the parents made better predictions than the students did, and the roommates did better still even though less confident
28
why are students the worst predictors of their own relationships
focused on the strengths of their partnerships and ignored the weaknesses, and as a result, they confidently and optimistically predicted that the relationships would last longer than they usually did
29
the most accurate predictions of all regarding the future of a heterosexual relationship often come from ...
the friends of the woman involved
30
how does hand temp influence perception of a person
Warm hands lead research participants to think warmer thoughts about a stranger than cool hands do
31
how did sitting at a wobbly table change mate perception
increase your desire for stability (such as trustworthiness and reliability)
32
2 lessons from warm hands and shaky table experiments
our impressions of others can be shaped by a variety of influences, and some of them have nothing to do with the person who’s being judged. Second, the people in these studies were completely unaware that current conditions were swaying their judgments.= We don’t always know why we hold the opinions we do, and on occasion, our impressions of others are unwarranted.
33
we’re often ... to adopt the perspectives we use, and we facilitate or inhibit our satisfaction with our partners by the choices we make.
choosing
34
What we usually get, however, is something less. How, then, do we ever stay happy with the real people we attract?
One way is to construct charitable, generous perceptions of our partners that emphasize their virtues and minimize their faults. People often judge their lovers with positive illusions that portray their partners in the best possible light
35
our positive illusions cause us to ignore a partner’s faults
f ; they just consider them to be circumscribed
| They have all the facts, but they interpret them differently than everyone else
36
partners judge their partners more positively than they judge themselves
t
37
partners judge their partners more positively than they judge themselves
t
38
Isn’t it a little dangerous to hold a lover in such high esteem?
If we’re genuinely fooling ourselves, imagining desirable qualities in a partner that he or she does not possess, we may be dooming ourselves to disillusionment
if we’re aware of all the facts but are merely interpreting them in a kind, benevolent fashion, such “illusions” can be very beneficial
39
WHY ARE POSITIVE ILLUSIONS GOOD
When we idealize our partners, we’re predisposed to judge their behavior in positive ways, and we are more willing to commit ourselves to maintaining the relationship
And we can slowly convince our partners that they actually are the wonderful people we believe them to be because our high regard improves their self-esteem= GREATER SATISFACTION
40
In addition, there’s a clever way in which we protect ourselves from disillusionment: ...
Over time, as we come to know our partners well, we tend to revise our opinions of what we want in an ideal partner so that our standards fit the partners we’ve got
41
T: The explanations we generate for why things happen—and in particular why a person did or did not do something. identifies the causes of an event, emphasizing the impact of some influences and minimizing the role of others
attributions
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what are the 2 main attributions we make
internal vs external
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students who do well on exams typically attribute their success to external causes
f internal
44
The causes of events may also be rather ..., as our abilities are, or ..., such as moods that come and go.
stable and lasting
| unstable and transient
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3 ways attributions are different
stable or transient
controllable uncontrollable
internal external
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Nevertheless, three broad patterns routinely emerge from studies of attributions in relationships what are they
1. despite their intimate knowledge of each other, partners are affected by robust actor/observer effects
2. partners are also likely to display self-serving biases
47
T: They generate different explanations for their own behavior than they do for the similar things they see their partners do
actor/ observer effects
48
This bias is so pervasive that two people in almost any interaction are reasonably likely to agree about what each of them did but to disagree about why each of them did it what is the bias
People are often acutely aware of the external pressures that have shaped their own behavior, but they overlook how the same circumstances affect others
49
in an argument each is likely to believe that the other sees things his or her way
t
50
how to minimize but cant vanish the actor observer?
When partners make a conscious effort to try to understand the other’s point of view, the actor/observer discrepancy gets smaller
to assume that even your closest partners seldom comprehend all your reasons for doing what you do
51
in which they readily take credit for their successes but try to avoid the blame for their failures :T
self serving bias
52
One quality that makes this phenomenon interesting is that most of us readily recognize overreaching ownership of success and flimsy excuses for failure when they come from other people, but we think that our own similar, self-serving perceptions are sensible and accurate- why
we are aware of—and we give ourselves credit for—our own good intentions, even when we fail to follow through on them, but we judge other people only by what they do, not what they may have intended to do
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loving partners are less self-serving toward each other than they are with other people
t but Nevertheless, self-serving biases exist even in contented relationships
54
how do self serving biases operate in arguments
when they fight with each other, spouses tend to believe that the argument is mostly their partner’s fault
55
the general pattern of a couple’s attributions helps determine how satisfied they will be with their relationship - how does this influence attributions
Happy people make attributions for their partners’ behavior that are relationship enhancing. Positive actions by the partner are judged to be intentional, habitual, and indicative of the partner’s fine character; that is, happy couples make controllable, stable, and internal attributions for each other’s positive behavior. They also tend to discount one another’s transgressions, seeing them as accidental, unusual, and circumstantial; thus, negative behavior is excused with attributions to external, unstable, and uncontrollable causes.
56
Unhappy people make ...attributions that regard a partner’s negative actions as deliberate and routine and positive behavior as unintended and accidental.
distress-maintaining
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where does the distress-maintaining self-defeating pattern come from?
attachment style paticularly high anxiety about abandonment
58
we cant update vivid memories
f best we can (a mix of what happened then and what we know now.)
59
Psychologists use the term /// to describe the manner in which our memories are continually revised and rewritten as new information is obtained.
reconstructive memory
60
pros and cons of reconstructive memory in relationships
The good news is that by misremembering their past, partners can remain optimistic about their future
These tricks of memory help us adjust to the situations we encounter, but they often leave us feeling that our relationships have always been more stable and predictable than they really were—and that can promote damaging overconfidence.
61
by remembering recent improvement in their partnerships that has not occurred, people remain happier than they might otherwise
t couples do this continuously despite no changes
62
T: which are broad assumptions about whether, when, and under what circumstances we should marry that are accompanied by beliefs about what it’s like to be married
marital paradigms
63
T: the view that love should be the most important basis for choosing a mate
romanticism
64
People who are high in romanticism believe that ...3
(a) each of us has only one perfect, “true” love; (b) true love will find a way to overcome any obstacle; and (c) love is possible at first sight
65
romantic people have better relationships
romantic people experience more love, satisfaction, and commitment in the first few months of their romantic partnerships than unromantic people do—but these beliefs tend to erode as time goes by bcs expectations cannot be met
66
Certain beliefs that people have about relationships are dysfunctional; what does this mean
that is, they appear to have adverse effects on the quality of relationships, making it less likely that the partners will be satisfied
67
what are 6 dysfunctional beliefs
```
disagreements are destructive
mind reading is essential
partners cannot change
sex should be perfect always
men and women are different
great relationships just happen
```
68
T: 6 dysfunctional beliefs
destiny beliefs because they assume that two people are either well suited for each other and destined to live happily ever after, or they’re not
69
why are destiny beliefs bad
inflexible and no effort exerted
70
T: good relationships are believed to develop gradually as the partners work at surmounting challenges and overcoming obstacles, and a basic presumption is that with enough effort, almost any relationship can succeed.
growth beliefs
71
People with different styles are thought to have different “...” of relationships; they hold different beliefs about what relationships are like, expect different behavior from their partners, and form different judgments of what their partners do
mental models
72
In general, then, people with secure styles are more ...3 in their judgments of others than insecure people are.
generous, optimistic, and kindly
73
if positive experiences in a rewarding relationship help us gradually develop a more relaxed and trusting outlook on intimacy with others, we may slowly forget that we ever felt any other way. why
because no matter what style people have, they tend to remember the past as being consistent with what they’re thinking now
74
When relationship beliefs are wrong, they may stay wrong.
t
75
T: which are false predictions that become true because they lead people to behave in ways that make the erroneous expectations come true.
self fulfilling prophecies
76
As a first step in a self-fulfilling prophecy, a person whom we’ll call the perceiver forms an ...
expectancy about someone else—the target—that predicts how the target will behave
77
second step in self fulfilling
the perceiver acts usually in a fashion that is in accord with his or her expectations.
78
3rd and 4th step in step in self fulfilling
The recipient of the perceiver’s behavior is likely to notice all of this, and the target’s interpretation will influence his or her response
79
as the perceiver interprets the target’s response, the perceiver is unlikely to recognize the role that Page 118he or she played in producing it, INSTEAD believing ...
attribute the target’s behavior to the target’s personality or mood, believing their expectations were correct
80
is another fundamental reason that our perceptions of others are so influential. They not only influence our interpretations of the information we gain, they also ...
guide our behavior toward others
81
how did the expectations of attractiveness influence the phone calls
The women who were presumed to be attractive really did sound more alluring, reacting to their obviously interested partners with warmth and appeal of their own
82
You think someone you’re about to meet already likes or dislikes you, but the other person really doesn’t know anything about you at all what happened
they got what they expected (got their partners to like or dislike them)
83
People who are high in ... tend to anxiously perceive snubs from others when none are intended.
rejection sensitivity
84
opposite of rejection sensitivity
The flip side of rejection sensitivity may be optimism, the tendency to expect good things to happen
85
...3` can exert a powerful influence on the events that follow.
our perceptions of our partners, the attributions we make, and the beliefs and expectations we bring to our relationships
86
A last example of the power of our perceptions lies in the judgments we form of ...
ourselves.
87
which encompass all of the beliefs and feelings we have about ourselves (wide array of self-knowledge along with our self-esteem) :T
self concept
88
During social interaction, our self-concepts try to fulfill two different functions...
1. people seek feedback from others that will enhance their self-concepts and allow them to think of themselves as desirable, attractive, competent people.
2. because it’s unsettling to encounter information that contradicts our beliefs, we also want feedback that sustains our existing self-concepts
89
why are people comforted by feedback from others that is consistent with what they already think
Without a stable, steady self-concept, social life would be a confusing, chaotic jumble, and being constantly confronted with information that contradicts our self-images would be unnerving
90
you may have no conscious thought of your Dad and may not realize that you’ve been subliminally reminded of him, but your ... may nevertheless guide your present behavior.
past experiences with him
91
we unwittingly but routinely import old experiences into our new relationships
t
92
for people who like themselves and who have positive self-concepts what two motives go hand in hand?
self enhancement and self verification
93
T: the desire for positive, complimentary feedback
self enhancement
94
T: the desire for feedback that is consistent with one’s existing self-concept
self verification
95
When such people associate with others who compliment and praise them, they receive feedback that is simultaneously self-enhancing and self-verifying. how do these reviews go over for people with negative self concepts
Positive evaluations from others make them feel good but threaten their negative self-images; negative feedback and criticism affirm their self-concepts but hurt their feelings.
people with poor self-concepts like global praise that suggests that their partners are happy with them, but they prefer self-verifying feedback about their specific faults
96
how can partners satisfy their partner with a neg self concepts need for self verification and self enhancement
Partners who accurately recognize your deficiencies but who like you anyway appear to satisfy both motives
97
.. also appears to be a more automatic, relatively nonconscious response that is primarily emotional whereas ... emerges from deliberate and conscious cognition
Self-enhancement
| self-verification
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how does the automacy of self-verification
| Self-enhancement influence the feeling associated with praise for those with negative self concepts
What this means is that people with poor self-concepts like praise and compliments from others, but once they get a chance to think about them, they don’t believe or trust such feedback
99
if people are choosing relationship partners without thinking, they’ll seek intimate partners who support their existing self-concepts, good or bad
f if choosing carefully
100
Now imagine that you have a lousy self-concept and you’re paired with a roommate who constantly tells you that there’s no reason to doubt yourself. Such encouragement feels great, and you want more, right?
Wrong. The motive to protect and maintain our existing self-concepts is so strong that people with negative self-concepts want to escape roommates who perceive them positively; they’d rather have roommates who dislike them
101
even people with poor self-concepts pursue casual partners who provide positive feedback
t
102
in more interdependent, committed relationships such as marriages, self-verification rises to the fore—a phenomenon called the ..—and people want feedback that supports their self-concepts
marriage shift
103
People with negative self-concepts actually feel closer to spouses who don’t approve of them than to those who do.
t
104
whether or not we’re thinking about it, we’re often engaging in i..., trying to influence the impressions of us that others form.
mpression management
105
narcissist just have high self-esteem
f they think they’re better than other people
106
why do you not want to date a narcissist
prone to strong self-serving biases
They’re touchy, too; their excessive pride leads them to overreact to imagined slights from others, and they’re always alert for any hint of disregard
react more angrily
less committed and cheat more
107
When they enter close relationships, “narcissists aim not to get along but to ...
get ahead.
108
narcissism often takes the form of a “fatal attraction”.why
; it may be attractive at first but deadly in the long run
109
impression management is a significant idea for at least two reasons.
First, nearly anything we do in the presence of others may be strategically regulated in the service of impression management.
2. it is a pervasive influence on social life
110
fake orgasms how often do men and women do it
(about one-fourth of the men and two-thirds of the women in a Kansas sample had done so)
111
impression management is deceitful or duplicitous
f most impression management involves revealing, perhaps in a selective fashion, one’s real attributes to others
facilitates graceful and rewarding social interaction and does not involve untruthfulness at all
112
people routinely use four different broad strategies of impression management
ingratiation
self promotion
intimidation
supplication
113
We use ... when we seek acceptance and liking from others; we do favors, pay compliments, mention areas of agreement, and are generally charming to get others to like us
ingratiation
114
does integration create favourable interpretations of us
as long as such efforts are not transparently manipulative or obviously insincere
115
patterns of their likes made it easy to discern whether they were ... or ...
male or female and white or black
116
4 other surprisingly plain and obvious things people accurately guess from FB profiles
Sexual orientation was also pretty obvious, and whether or not one’s parents were divorced, one was presently in a relationship, and one was using drugs were all
117
strangers gain useful insight into how ...3 you are from both the pictures and the comments you post
extraverted, agreeable, and conscientious
118
People who post a profile picture of themselves with their partners aren't actually more satisfied with their relationships
f are more satisfied with their relationships, on average, than others are
119
On other occasions, when we wish our abilities to be recognized and respected by others, we may engage in ..., recounting our accomplishments or strategically arranging public demonstrations of our skills.
self-promotion
120
why is vigorous self-promotion risky for women
because it risks seeming “unladylike”
121
does ingratiation or self promotion help with job interviews more
during a job interview, self-promotion makes a better impression than ingratiation does—and a combination of the two does even better
122
Both ingratiation and self-promotion create socially desirable impressions, but other strategies create undesirable images like what
intimidation
| supplication
123
T: people portray themselves as ruthless, dangerous, and menacing so that others will do their bidding
intimidation
124
T: people sometimes present themselves as inept or infirm to avoid obligations and to elicit help and support from others
supplication
125
If ingratiation and self-promotion work for them, most people use intimidation and supplication only rarely because most of us prefer to be liked and respected rather than feared or pitied.
t
126
If you’ve ever made a point of showing a partner that you were angry about something or sad about something else in order to get your way, what tactic were you using
you were using intimidation and supplication, respectively
127
Two specific features of impression management with intimate partners are worthy of mention.
the motivation with which people manage their impressions differs from person to person, and these differences are consequential
128
People who are high in the trait of ... readily adjust their behavior to fit the varying norms of different situations.
self-monitoring
129
how does self monitoring relate to impression management
more impression management with more self monitoring
130
why high self monitors have more friends
Because they more often switch images from one audience to the next
131
If low self-monitors had all their friends over, what does it look like
fewer people would come, but they’d all be a lot alike.
132
downside of high self monitoring
they invest less of their time in each of their friends, so that they tend to have shorter, somewhat less committed relationships than low self-monitors do
133
The interactive advantage enjoyed by high self-monitors when a relationship is just beginning may become a liability once the relationship is well established
t
134
although the impressions we make on our friends and lovers are much more influential than the images we create for acquaintances or strangers—we usually go to ... trouble to maintain favorable images for our intimate partners than we do for others
less
135
Why do we pay less heed to the images we present to intimate partners than to the impressions we make on others? 3
1. we know our friends and lovers like us
2. because they know us well, there’s less we can do to have much effect on what they think
3. we get lazy
136
often hold idealized but overconfident perceptions of each other, and when they act in accord with those judgments, they may ...
elicit behavior from each other that fits their expectations but would not have otherwise occurred
137
And both of them are trying to make the impressions on each other that they want to make
t
138
How accurate, then, are our perceptions of our partners? 2 things we get wrong?
not as well as we think we do
We believe that they agree with us more often than they really do, and we overestimate how similar their personality traits are to our own
139
We believe that they agree with us more often than they really do, and we overestimate how similar their personality traits are to our own is this a problem?
the more similarity and understanding we perceive in our partners, the more satisfying our relationships with them tend to be
140
our perceptions of our partners are fictions that portray our partners as people they are not.
T
141
Several factors determine just how accurate or inaccurate our judgments are what are these 4
knowledge
motivation
partner legibility
perceived ability
142
Interpersonal perception depends both on the ...2
people involved and on the situation they face
143
The conclusion that we don’t know our partners as well as we think we do is inconsistent with the fact that intimate partners know a great deal about each other.
f isn't
144
Married people perceive each other more accurately than dating couples or friends do
t
145
our perceptions of others don’t necessarily become more accurate as time goes by.
t Spouses who have been married for decades don’t understand each other any better than those who have been married for only a year or two
146
Spouses who have been married for decades don’t understand each other any better than those who have been married for only a year or two why
This is because the interest and motivation with which we try to figure each other out help to determine how insightful and accurate we will be, and in striving to know each other, people who have recently married may understand each other as well as they ever will.
147
If their ... wanes, longer periods of very close contact may even gradually result in less, not more, accuracy as time goes by
motivation
148
In general, .. are better judges of others than ..., but some of that has to do with men simply not trying as hard to understand others as women do
women are better judges of others than men are
| probably bus of higher EI
149
Whether they’re male or female, people who are high in ... don’t read others very well, both because they don’t pay close attention to others and because they just don’t care
avoidance of intimacy
150
But we all tend to understand beautiful people more than we do those who are plain why
and that’s because they are beautiful, and we’re trying harder
151
People who are sociable and extraverted, for instance, are likely to be accurately perceived as gregarious and affable, but someone with high neuroticism is less likely to have this judged accurately why
Some of the traits people have are more visible than others
152
The observers could usually tell when men were interested in the women they had met, but women’s interest was a little harder to judge is this always the case
no some members of both sexes were quite transparent and easy to read, whereas others (about 20 percent of the group) consistently misled those who were watching.
153
Some people may be hard to judge, but some judges are better than others who are better judges
people with good social skills
154
why people with good social skills better at judging
often because they’re high in emotional intelligence
155
T: , a set of abilities that describes a person’s talents in perceiving, using, understanding, and managing emotions
emotional intelligence
156
asked married men to watch videotapes of women discussing their divorces, they found (as you might expect) that some men read the women’s thoughts and feelings better than others, what behaviour did the poor judger men predict in their own relationships
those men were more likely to be wife beaters who abused their own wives. A thin-skinned tendency to perceive antagonism from female strangers that did not exist was correlated with mistreatment of one’s own spouse.
157
you know more about yourself than anyone else does
t But other people are still likely to know some things about you that you don’t know
158
But other people are still likely to know some things about you that you don’t know why 2
1. different point of view
| 2. more objective
159
others know better than we do how attractive we are
t
160
others see us as ...3 than we judge ourselves to be
less neurotic, more assertive, and more conscientious
161
training and practice can improve people’s abilities to understand their partners what kind of training had what result
participants in a 10-hour empathy training program were able to understand their partners’ thoughts and feelings more accurately 6 months later. Their partners were also more satisfied with their relationship as a result
162
when are intimate partners motivate to form inaccurate perceptions of their partners
may not want to on those occasions when a partner’s feelings or behavior is distressing or ominous. When accurate perceptions would be worrisome in order to fend off doubts about their relationship
163
are selective inaccurate perceptions a bad thing
that’s a good thing because relationships suffer when people correctly perceive Page 132unwanted, threatening feelings in their partners
164
Would you really want to know that your partner found one of the pictures to be especially compelling and was really looking forward to meeting that person?
The more attractive (and thereby threatening) the photos were and the closer their relationship was, the less accurately dating partners perceived each other’s thoughts and feelings in this situation
165
most people are inattentive to news they did not want to hear.
But not everyone successfully managed threatening perceptions in this manner. People with a ... attachment styles accuracy in their partners thoughts changed how
preoccupied
actually more accurate in judging their partners when the partners inspected the attractive photos= less favourable relationship evaluation
166
People with ... styles do better when they’re confronted with distressing information because they divert their attention and simply ignore it.
dismissing
167
problem with dismissing styles reactions
This protects their feelings, but it does leave them rather unaware of what’s going on
168
In a close relationship, they are engaged in continual interaction with their partners, behaving in accord with their expectations and reacting to the ...they construct.
perceptions
169
what is the perceiver influence
partners influence each other, so perceptions can become either more or less accurate as time goes by
170
If they come to realize that their partners are not the people they wish they were, they may try to ...
change their partners by encouraging some behaviors and discouraging others
171
We certainly know our partners better as a relationship develops, but ... can come and go, and ...
motivation and attentiveness
| some people are easier to read than others.
172
In general, then, we usually understand our partners less well than we think we do.
t
173
our ... of our lovers and friends can either support or undermine our contentment in our relationships
judgments
174
Social cognition includes all of the processes of ...3 with which we evaluate and understand ourselves and other people.
perception, thought, and memory
175
When we first meet others, we jump to conclusions because of ..2. ... then affect our selection of subsequent data, and ... leads us to put unwarranted faith in our judgments.
stereotypes and primacy effects
Confirmation biases
overconfidence
176
Happy partners construct positive illusions that ...
emphasize their partners’ virtues and minimize their faults.
177
The explanations we generate for why things happen are called ... Partners are affected by ...2, and they tend to employ either relationship-enhancing or distress-maintaining patterns of attribution.
.attributions
| actor/observer effects and self-serving biases
178
This process of reconstructive memory helps couples ...
stay optimistic about their futures.
179
Relationship Beliefs. Our assumptions about the role marriage will play in our lives take the form of ...
marital paradigms
180
Dysfunctional relationship beliefs such as ... beliefs are clearly disadvantageous.
destiny
181
Our expectations about others can become ..., false predictions that make themselves come true.
self-fulfilling prophecies
182
with ... leading people to seek intimate partners who support their existing self-concepts.
self-verification
183
Four different strategies of impression management—...—are commonplace.
ingratiation, self-promotion, intimidation, and supplication
184
High self-monitors are ... committed to their romantic partners, but all of us work less hard to present ... to our intimate partners than to others.
less
| favorable images
185
As a relationship develops and partners spend more time together, they typically do understand each other better.
t
186
The interest and motivation with which people try to figure each other out help to determine how ...2
insightful and accurate they will be
187
T: Some personality traits, such as extraversion, are more visible than others.
partner legibility
188
Perceiver Ability. Some judges are better than others, too. ..is important in this regard.
.Emotional intelligence
189
when accurate perceptions would be worrisome, intimate partners may actually be motivated to be ..
.inaccurate.
190
Perceptions that are initially inaccurate may become more correct as we i..
induce our partners to become the people we want them to be.
