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Social Science > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness is a continuous stream of

A
  • thoughts
  • feelings
  • sensations
  • perceptions
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2
Q

what are altered states of consciousness

A
  • mental states other than ordinary waking consciousness
  • sleep, meditation
  • hypnosis or drug induced state
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3
Q

what are circadian rhythms

A
  • controlled by the brain
  • within each 24 hour period, high to low points of bodily functions
  • ex. blood pressure, heart rate, appetite, hormones, digestive enzymes, sensory acuity, elimination
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4
Q

what are ultradian rhythms

A
  • more than once a day

- hunger patterns, eyeblinks, heartbeats

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5
Q

what are infradian rhythms

A
  • cycle exceeds 24 hour pattern

- female menstrual cycle

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6
Q

what is jet lag

A
  • biological clock synchronized with usual time zone, not new one
  • difficult to sleep when biological clock tells you to wake up, feel alert
  • chronic jet lag can produce memory deficits that may be permanent
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7
Q

how does shift work affect us

A
  • disruption in rhythms of bodily functions can cause variety of physical and psychological problems
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8
Q

what are the problems with subjective night

A
  • problems with work
  • biological clock says sleep
  • energy, efficiency reach lowest point
  • slowest reaction time, less productivity
  • job stress increases
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9
Q

what is NREM sleep

A
  • no rapid eye movements (quiet sleep)
  • heart rate and respiration slow, regular
  • little body movement
  • blood pressure, brain activity at lowest points of 24 hour period
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10
Q

what is REM sleep

A
  • rapid eye movement
  • 20-25 percent of adult sleep
  • intense brain activity
  • most dreaming occurs
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11
Q

what physiologically happens during REM sleep

A
  • blood pressure rises
  • heart rate, respiration faster and irregular
  • brain temperature increases
  • large muscles of body (arms, legs, trunk) becomes paralyzed
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12
Q

why do we need REM sleep

A
  • necessary for maturation of the brain in infants
  • allows us to consolidate memories after learning
  • ‘mental housecleaning’ clears overloaded neural circuits, gets rid of trivial unnecessary memories
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13
Q

what are the 4 different sleep cycles

A
  • stage 1 (light sleep) = transition between waking and sleeping
  • stage 2 = 50% of sleep occurs; somewhat deeper than stage 1
  • stage 3 = (deep sleep) = slow-wave sleep; delta waves (slow waves)
  • stage 4 = deepest sleep; lasts 40 minutes; more than 50% delta waves
    after REM period, first cycle of sleep is complete
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14
Q

after the first cycle of sleep is complete, how does the next cycle go

A
  • from REM right into stage 2
  • REM, then stages 2,3,4
  • begin cycle again
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15
Q

what are sleeping patterns like for infants and young children

A
  • longest sleep time of every life stage

- highest percentage of REM and deep sleep

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16
Q

what are sleeping patterns like for middle childhood children

A
  • fall asleep easily, sleep 8.5 to 9 hours; awake, alert during day
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17
Q

what are sleeping patterns like for teenagers

A
  • average 7.6 hours of sleep
  • older teens are usually less than 7 hours
  • most need 2 more hours to be alert for school
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18
Q

what is sleep like for adults

A
  • during aging, quality and quantity of sleep decreases
  • worse sleep over the age of 75
  • more difficult falling asleep, lighter sleep
  • average 6.5 hours of sleep
  • percentage of REM sleep the same
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19
Q

what is a lark

A
  • 25% of people
  • body temperature rises until 7:30 pm, early to bed
  • more difficult with night shifts
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20
Q

what is an owl

A
  • 25% of people

- body temperature rises gradually through the day, drops later in the evening

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21
Q

what are microsleeps

A
  • 2-3 second sleeps
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22
Q

what is REM rebound

A
  • increased amount of REM sleep
  • associated with unpleasant dreams and nightmares
  • REM helps information processing
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23
Q

what are REM dreams

A
  • vivid dreams we remember

- continuous during each REM period

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24
Q

what are NREM dreams

A
  • mental activity during NREM sleep

- more thought-like in quality

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25
what are short sleepers
- 20% of population | - less than 6 hours of sleep
26
what are long sleepers
- 10% of population | - more than 9 hours of sleep
27
what is sleepwalking
- eyes open, blank stare | - shuffle, poor coordination, speech is unintelligible
28
what is sleep terror
- often begins with piercing scream | - panic; lasts 5-15 mins
29
what are nightmares
- frightening dreams during REM sleep
30
what is sleeptalking
- also called somniloquy - occurs during any sleep stage - more frequent in children
31
what is narcolepsy
- incurable sleep disorder - excessive daytime sleepiness - uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep
32
what is sleep apnea
- sleep periods when breathing stops | - individual must awaken briefly to breathe
33
in severe cases of sleep apnea, what can happen
- high blood pressure - heart problems - death
34
what are symptoms of sleep apnea
- extremely loud snoring | - daytime sleepiness
35
what are some treatments for sleep apnea
- weight loss - surgery - mechanical tongue retaining device - CPAP = sleep apnea machine
36
what is insomnia
- difficulty falling and staying asleep - sleep is light, restless, or poor quality - 13.4% of canadians over the age of 15
37
what is meditation
- focus attention on object, word, breathing, or body movement to block out all distractions - altered state of consciousness - yoga, zen, transcendental meditation (TM)
38
what is hypnosis
- trance-like state of concentrated and focused attention - heightened suggestibility, diminished response to external stimuli - suspend usual rational and logical ways of thinking and perceiving - distortions in perceptions, memories, thinking - aware of what is going on - will not violate moral values - cannot demonstrate superhuman strength or perform amazing feats - memory is not more accurate
39
common misconceptions about hypnosis
- will not reveal embarrassing secrets - will not relive events - not under complete control of hypnotist - responses often automatic and involuntary
40
what are some medical uses of hypnosis
- used in medicine, dentistry, psychotherapy - controls pain and side effects associated with cancer care - moderate effect in weight control - useless in overcoming drug and alcohol abuse, nicotine addiction
41
what is a psychoactive drug
- alter normal mental functioning, mood, perception, thought - some legal, most not - controlled substances used medically - drugs trigger dopamine
42
what is physical drug dependence
- compulsive pattern of drug use - user develops tolerance - unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
43
what is drug tolerance
- user progressively less affected - larger doses necessary to achieve same effect - larger doses necessary to maintain same effect
44
what are withdrawal symptoms
- physical and psychological symptoms occur when drug discontinued - terminates when drug is taken again
45
what is psychological drug dependence
- craving for drug's pleasurable effects
46
what is the addictive potential of a drug measured by
- how quickly the effects are felt - how pleasurable the effects are - how long pleasurable effects last - how much discomfort when drug is discontinued
47
what are stimulant
- 'uppers' - suppress appetite, feel more awake, alert, energetic - legal stimulants: caffeine, nicotine - controlled stimulants: amphetamines - illegal stimulants: cocaine
48
what is caffeine
- world's most widely used drug - found in coffee, tea, cola, chocolate, energy drinks, drugs - mental alertness increases - stay awake, lifts mood
49
what is nicotine
- tolerance develops in hours - 16.7% of canadians smoke - 37,000 canadians die each year from smoking
50
what are amphetamines
- increases arousal - relieves fatigue - suppresses appetite - gives energy
51
what is cocaine
- from coca leaves - euphoria then crash - sniffed, injected; crack form is smoked
52
what are hallucinogens
- sometimes called psychedelics - alter perception and mood - can cause hallucinations
53
what are hallucinations
- imaginary sensations
54
what type of hallucinations does LSD cause
- 'trips' of 10-12 hours - vivid hallucinations and distortions - flashback = recurrence of trip
55
what is ecstasy
- designer drug - joyous state - can impair cognitive functions
56
what is marijuana
- cannabis, most widely used legal drug - relaxation and giddiness, feelings of well-being, lowers inhibitions - perceptual distortions and hallucinations - THC is main psychoactive ingredient (remains in body for days to weeks) - amotivational syndrome
57
what does marijuana do
- impairs attention and coordination - slows reaction time - interferes with concentration, logical thinking and ability to form new memories - induces schizophrenia
58
what are medicinal treatments of marijuana
- pain control - glaucoma - epilepsy - MS - spinal cord injuries - seizures - crohns - chemotherapy: controls nausea, stimulates appetite
59
what does marijuana do to our reproductive system
``` male - 20% impotence rate - 44% reduction in testosterone levels - 30-70% reduction in sperm count - abnormal appearance of sperm cells female - failure to ovulate - menstrual irregularities - lower birth-weight babes ```
60
what is a depressant
- decrease activity in the central nervous system (downers) - slow down bodily functions - reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation - narcotics (opiates)
61
what is alcohol
- a depressant | - relaxes, then depresses CNS
62
what are barbiturates
- depressants - CNS depressant used as sedative, sleeping pills (phenobarbital) - minor tranquilizers (benzodiazepines; valium, xanax...)
63
what are narcotics
- from opium poppy (morphine, codeine) - narcotic means 'stupor' - relieves pain; calming effects - heroin is highly addictive narcotic derived from morphine
64
how do drugs affect the brain
- increase neurotransmitter dopamine - affects nucleus accumbens in brain's limbic system - role in reinforcement and reward - consequences of addiction in life
65
what are some reasons not to do drugs
1. effect seeking - increase stimulation to body which gets rid of the body's energy source without replenishing it 2. can be addictive or deadly first time used 3. double edged sword - temporary way to avoid what is happening in your life, but you have done nothing to solve the problem and now may have created another problem, like damage to the brain and body and/or addiction

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