Chapter 8 Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
what is developmental psychology
A
- studies how we grow, develop and change throughout a lifespan
- some developmental psychologists specialize in particular age groups
- others concentrate on specific areas of interest
2
Q
what is the nature vs nurture controversy in relation to
A
- heredity vs environment
3
Q
what are continuous vs discontinuous issues
A
- quantitative vs qualitative changes
4
Q
what are stability vs instability issues
A
- are traits stable or not over time
5
Q
what is a longitudinal study
A
- same individuals are measured at different ages
6
Q
what is a cross-sectional study
A
- compare groups of different ages at the same time
- less expensive and less time-consuming
7
Q
what are genes
A
- basic units for transmission of hereditary traits
8
Q
what are chromosomes
A
- contain genes and carry hereditary information
9
Q
what are sex chromosomes
A
- 23rd pair of chromosomes
10
Q
what is a dominant gene
A
- causes dominant trait to be expressed in the individual
11
Q
what is a recessive gene
A
- expressed if paired with another recessive gene
12
Q
what is a polygenic gene
A
- several genes produce trait
13
Q
what is a multifactorial gene
A
- influenced by both heredity and environment
14
Q
what are the stages of prenatal development when are they and what do they consist of
A
- period of zygote (weeks 0-2): conception (sperm fertilized ovum); zygote attaches to uterine wall
- embryonic stage (weeks 3-8): major systems, organs, structures of the body develop in embryo; cephalocaudal and proximodistal development
3) fetal stage (8 weeks to birth): rapid growth, further development of structures, organs, systems of body develop more
15
Q
what are identical twins
A
- one egg fertilized by one sperm
- zygote slips into two parts
- forms two embryos with identical genetic codes
16
Q
what are fraternal twins
A
- two eggs released during ovulation
- two eggs fertilized by two different sperms
- no more alike than ordinary siblings
17
Q
what are teratogens
A
- agents in prenatal environment, cause birth defects and other problems
18
Q
what is the critical period
A
- when certain body structures develop
19
Q
what is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
A
- caused by alcohol as a teratogen
20
Q
what is a low-birth-weight baby
A
- less than 2.5 kg
21
Q
what is preterm infant
A
- born at or before the 37th week
22
Q
what can cause low birth weight babies or preterm infants
A
- poor nutrition and prenatal care, smoking, drug use, maternal infection, too short an interval between pregnancies
23
Q
what is a neonate
A
- newborn babies up to one month old
24
Q
what are reflexes
A
- built-in response to certain stimuli needed for survival
- ex in neonates: sucking, swallowing, coughing and blinking
25
what is perceptual development in newborns
- five senses functional at birth but not fully developed
- hearing is better developed than vision
- can discriminate, prefer certain odours and tastes
26
what is vision like for newborns
- newborns focus best on objects about 20 cm away
- can follow moving object
- most human infants can discriminate depth as soon as they can crawl
27
what is habituation
- decrease in response or attention
| - infant becomes accustomed to stimulus
28
what are infant motor milestones
- sitting, standing, walking based on genetically determined timetable
29
what is puberty
- biological changes, leads to sexual maturity
30
what is adolescent growth spurt
- rapid physical growth
31
what are secondary sex characteristics
- physical characteristics that distinguish mature males from mature females
32
what is the average age of adolescence in boys and girls
- girls: 10 years, range is 7-14
| - boys: 12 years, 9-16
33
what is adolescence influenced by
- influenced mainly by heredity
| - marked by adolescent growth spurt
34
when do growth spurts begin in children and when is full height attained
girls:
- begins: 10.5 - 13
- full height: 16-17
boys:
- begins: 12.5-15
- full height: 18-20
35
what is menopause and what are symptoms
- signifies end of reproductive capacity, middle age
- cessation of mensturation, ages 45-55
- symptoms: hot flashes, mood swings, depression
36
what indicates middle age in men
- a gradual decrease in testosterone levels from age 20-60
37
what occurs with advanced age
- more farsighted
- impaired night vision
- hearing loss in higher frequencies
38
what is the intellectual capacity in early adulthood
- speed tests
| - rote ability
39
what is the intellectual capacity in middle age
- general information
- vocabulary
- reasoning ability
- social judgment
40
what is the intellectual capacity in late adulthood
- myelin break down - longer to process information and reaction time is slower
41
what are factors that positively correlate with good cognitive function
- education level
- complex work environment
- a long marriage with high functioning spouse
- high income
- females live longer and do not experience the same level of cognitive decline
42
what is schema
- one of Piaget's stages
| - cognitive structures or concepts used to identify and interpret objects, events, information in environment
43
what is assimilation
- one of Piaget's stages
| - fit new objects, events, experiences, information into existing schemas
44
what is accommodation
- one of Piaget's stages
| - existing schemas modified or new schemas created
45
what is sensorimotor stage and when is it
- one of Piaget's stages
- 0-2 years
- understand world through senses an motor activities
46
what is object permanence
- one of Piaget's stages
- realize objects, people continue to exist when out of sight
- representational thought
47
what is the preoperative stage and when is it
- one of Piaget's stages
- rapid development in language
- can represent objects and events mentally with words and images
- differed imitation
48
what is differed imitation
- ability to imitate behaviour of person no longer present
49
what is conservation
- one of Piaget's stages
| - understanding quantity of matter same despite rearrangement or change in appearance
50
what is centration
- one of Piaget's stages
| - tendency to focus on only one dimension of stimulus and ignore others
51
what is reversibility
- one of Piaget's stages
| - realizing after change in shape, position, order, matter can be returned mentally to original state
52
what is concrete operations stage and when is it
- one of Piaget's stages
- 7-12 years
- less egocentric thinking
- can decentre their thinking
- apply logical thought
- understand reversibility and conservation
53
what are formal operations and when is it
- one of Piaget's stages
- 11/12 + years
- adolescents/adults can apply reversibility and conservation
- apply to abstract, verbal, hypothetical situations
- apply to past, present and future
54
what is emerging adulthood
- late teens to early twenties
- individuals experiment with options before taking on adult roles
- think of self as adult if 25 years of age and up
- certain brain areas still developing into mid-20s
55
what is erikson's theory of socialization
- learning socially acceptable behaviours, attitudes, values
- erikson's psychosocial theory has eight developmental stages
- each stage defined by conflict to be resolved for healthy personality development
56
what are the 8 stages of erikson's theory
1. trust vs mistrust: birth to 12 months, quality of care. love, affection
2. autonomy vs shame and doubt: ages one to three years, parenteral reaction to child's expression of will and exploring environment
3. initiative vs guilt: ages three to six years, parenteral reaction to initiation of play, motor activities, questions
4. industry vs inferiority: ages six to puberty, encouragement of parents and teachers important
5. identity vs role confusion: adolescents need to establish identity from values to live by, considering an occupational identity
6. intimacy vs isolation: young adulthood, establish intimacy to avoid feeling isolated and lonely
7. generatively vs stagnation: middle adulthood, generatively = interest in establishing and guiding next generation. stagnation = self absorbed
8. ego integrity vs despair: later adulthood, ego integrity = satisfaction with life and accomplishments. despair = major regrets
57
what were harry harlow's monkeys
- bonding = mutual attachment
- plain wire-mesh monkey 'mother'
- padded, Terry cloth covered monkey 'mother' preferred
- bodily contact forms attachment
58
what is Ainsworth's theory (5)
1. secure attachment
2. avoidant attachment
3. resistant attachment
4. disorganized/disoriented attachment
5. father-child attachment relationships
59
what is secure attachment
- 65% of North American infants
- distressed when separated from mother (safe base)
- seek contact after separation then show interest in play
60
what is avoidant attachment
- 20% of North American infants
- unresponsive to mother when present, not troubled when mother leaves
- mother returns, infant may actively avoid contact with her
61
what is resistant attachment
- 10-15% of North American infants
- prefer close contact with their mother before separation
- when mother returns, infant shows anger, pushes mother away or hits her, is hard to comfort
62
what is disorganized/disoriented attachment
- 5-10% of North American infants
- when reunited with mothers, show contradictory and disoriented responses
- expressionless, depressed
63
what are father-child attachment relationships like
- higher IQs
- better in social situations
- better coping with frustration
- better fathers themselves
64
what are 3 different parenting styles
- authoritarian parents
- authoritative parents
- permissive parents
65
what are authoritarian parents
- make strict rules
- expect unquestioning obedience
- punish misbehaviour (often physically)
- value obedience to authority
66
what are authoritative parents
- high but realistic, reasonable standards
- enforce limits
- encourage open communication and independence
67
what are permissive parents
- few rules
- few demands
- do not enforce any rules made
- children become immature, impulsive, dependent
68
what is personal fable
- personal uniqueness and indestructibility; risk taking
69
what are the 3 levels of Kohlberg's moral reasoning
1. preconventional level
2. conventional level
3. postconventional level
70
what is the preconventional level
- based on physical consequences of act
- stage 1 'right' is whatever avoids punishment
- stage 2 'right' is whatever is rewarded
71
what is the conventional level
- internalized standards of others
- stage 3 is 'good boy-nice girl'
- stage 4 is 'authority, fixed rules, and maintenance of social order'
72
what is postconventional level
- weigh more alternatives
- stage 5, laws protect society and individual and should be changed if they don't
- stage 6, ethical decisions based on universal ethical principles
73
what is kubler-ross' theory on death and dying
- denial and isolation: shock, disbelief
- anger: envy/resentment of young/healthy
- bargaining: good behaviour to try to postpone death
- depression: over losses
- acceptance: stops struggling against death
74
what is bereavement
- grieving process after death of loved on
- dual-process coping effective
- grieving spouse actively confronts and other times avoids giving full vent to grief
