Chapter 4 (a-c)

Question 1

two theories of gender development

Answer 1

social leanring, cognitive

Question 2

Social Learning Theories

Answer 2

social factors cause kids to develop gender

Question 3

Where did SLT come from?

Answer 3

Behaviorists

Question 4

How does direct learning work?

Answer 4

Rewards and punishments

Question 5

how does indirect learning work?

Answer 5

observation and imitation

Question 6

What is Cognitive Theory?

Answer 6

growth of cognitive abilities develop gender

Question 7

what is sex-typing

Answer 7

process that people acquire gendered behaviors

Question 8

Are girls or boys more often allowed to participate in cross sex behavior?

Answer 8

girls

Question 9

how do parents predict their boy babies?

Answer 9

stronger, more agile

Question 10

what parents are the least tolerant of what behavior ?

Answer 10

fathers are less tolerant of boys participating in cross sex behaviors

Question 11

what is the langolis and downs experiment ?

Answer 11

kids do sex typical and cross sex play, and parents reinforce sex-typical play

Question 12

what are ways people say heck girls?

Answer 12

• abort babies like in china

- boys receive better treatment even in times of financial distress

Question 13

what does a high rate of abortion/leaving infant girls do to populations?

Answer 13

skewed sex ratios

Question 14

do kids raised by gay parents have issues with identity more so than kids raised by straight parents?

Answer 14

nah. its the same for psychological conditions across the board.

Question 15

type of parent-child interaction

Answer 15

child temperament can influence how a parent treats them

Question 16

what kinda kids have the least traditional sex-typical behavior?

Answer 16

kids w cross-sex siblings

Question 17

do kids have preferred gender groups?

Answer 17

yes; kids often have segregated friend groups by sex, and they choose it to be that way (not forced)

Question 18

what emotion is amplified by girls hanging w girls?

Answer 18

increased sadness

Question 19

what emotion is amplified by boys hanging w boys?

Answer 19

anger

Question 20

what do segregated groups of kids by sex teach people?

Answer 20

peers teach one another sex-typical ways to express emotion (sadness and anger)

Question 21

what is the biggest media influence for kids?

Answer 21

TV

Question 22

how are boy characters in media portrayed?

Answer 22

as strong, independent, leaders.

Question 23

how are girls portrayed in media?

Answer 23

sexualized

Question 24

preferential looking

Answer 24

showing infants things and recording the time they spend looking at said thing .

Question 25

how old do homies make sex-typical distinctions ?

Answer 25

3-8 months

Question 26

is there a genetic component with peeps playing with sex-typical toys, or is it all social? how do we know?

Answer 26

yes; we studied monkeys and saw a gender pattern

Question 27

percentage of time children spend playing with atypical toys

Answer 27

5%

Question 28

percentage of time children spend playing with sex-stypical toys

Answer 28

20%

Question 29

percentage of time children spend playing with gender neutral toys

Answer 29

75%

Question 30

What is cognitive development theory?

Answer 30

children understanding gender in three main stages of processing

Question 31

gender identity

Answer 31

ability ot label oneself and others by sex

Question 32

typical gender identity age

Answer 32

2-3

Question 33

gender stability

Answer 33

understanding that sex is constant across time

Question 34

gender stability age

Answer 34

4-5

Question 35

gender consistancy

Answer 35

sex is largely fixed; does not change from superficial features such as a hair cut or makeup

Question 36

gender consistency age

Answer 36

6-7

Question 37

Gender schema theory

Answer 37

network of info about gender guide how people interpret/process/remember info

Question 38

gender aschematic

Answer 38

dont use gender as a dimension for interpreting the world

Question 39

developmental intergroup theory

Answer 39

how gender stereotypes are formed in children

Question 40

gender socialization model

Answer 40

kids form 3 cognitive associations about gender

Question 41

gendered self views

Answer 41

part of GSM; connect self to traits by sex

Question 42

criticism of SL

Answer 42

children are considered "passive recipients" of environmental influences and ignore how kids think about gender

Question 43

criticism of cognitive

Answer 43

de-emphasizing the role of the world (especially culture)

Question 44

gender non-conformity

Answer 44

trans/cross sex play/binary

Question 45

is non conformity genetic?

Answer 45

moderately, found biological factors

Question 46

what could genes for play as a child also code for?

Answer 46

sexual orientation

Question 47

do cis and trans kids have different preferences?

Answer 47

no. In ages 5-12, trans kids are the same as far as cis kids of the same age