Chapter 4 Connect Questions Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish.
A
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.
2
Q
Absorption
A
the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph
3
Q
The resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut
A
Microbiome
4
Q
Fluids involved in the processes of digestion and absorption may contain ______.
A
Mucus
Acid
Water
Hormones
5
Q
Identify the structures made up of connective tissue.
A
Bones
Veins
Tendons
6
Q
Ghrelin’s role is to
A
Increase food intake
Increase appetite
7
Q
Which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients?
A
Mucosa
8
Q
In healthy individuals, what lives throughout the GI tract?
A
Bacteria
9
Q
How much digestive fluid (including water, mucus, acid, digestive enzymes, bile, and hormones) is secreted into the GI tract over the course of a day?
A
About 29 cups
10
Q
Cartilage is made of ______ tissue.
A
Connective
11
Q
The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to
A
Prevent the back flow of Gi tract contents.
12
Q
Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called
A
Peristalsis
13
Q
This layer of the four layers of the wall of the intestinal tract contains the blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract.
A
Submucosa
14
Q
The pyloric sphincter is a ringlike muscle located between which of the following two organs of the GI tract?
A
Stomach and small intestine
15
Q
The most frequent peristalsis takes place in this organ of the GI tract.
A
Small intestine
16
Q
Lower esophageal sphincter
A
Prevent back flow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus
17
Q
Pyloric sphincter
A
Controls the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine
18
Q
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
A
Controls the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine
19
Q
Ileocecal valve
A
Prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine
20
Q
Anal sphincter
A
Prevents defecation until person desires to do so
21
Q
Peristalsis is a coordinated wave of relaxation and contraction of ______ muscles.
A
Longitudinal
Circular
22
Q
Digestive enzymes ______.
A
Catalyze chemical reactions
Are made up of proteins
23
Q
The thickest and strongest muscles of the GI tract are found in this organ, allowing for more complete mixing of foods with gastric juices.
A
Stomach
24
Q
Hydrolysis reactions
A
involve water molecules that are used to break down large molecules.
yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall.
are catalyzed by digestive enzymes.
25
Each digestive enzyme acts on ______.
A specific substance
26
Mouth secretion(s)
Saliva
27
Stomach secretion(s)
Hydrochloric acid
Mucus
28
Pancreas secretion(s)
Lipase
Amylase
Protease
Bicarbonate
29
Liver secretion(s)
Bile
30
Which of the following are components of saliva?
Amylase
Mucus
Lipase
31
Salty
From mineral containing compounds such as sodium chloride
32
Sour
From acids
33
Sweet
From organic compounds such as sugars
34
Bitter
From diverse compounds such as caffeine and quinine
35
Umami
From amino acids, primarily glutamate
36
The taste sense umami is enhanced by the addition of ______.
Monosodium glutamate
37
The sense of taste is enhanced by 6 million ______ cells in the nose.
Olfactory
38
During chewing, the tongue presses food against the hard palate and mixes it with saliva to form a
Bolus
39
Olfactory loss is a key symptom of ______.
COVID-19 Infection
40
When swallowing a bite of food, the ______ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.
Pharynx
41
When one has nasal congestion, foods often ______.
Have little flavor
42
Which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining the stomach?
Alcohol
Water
43
The chief cells of the stomach secrete ______.
Gastric lipase
44
What can alter taste and smell sensations?
Aging
Zinc deficiency
COVID-19 Infection
45
What hormone stimulates the stomach's parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid?
Gastrin
46
Only a small amount of nutrient absorption occurs in the
Stomach
47
The parietal cells of the stomach secrete _______.
Hydrochloric acid
48
The roles of HCl produced by the stomach include
destroys harmful bacteria and viruses.
dissolves dietary minerals.
inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins.
49
The contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at the rate of a ______ at a time.
Teaspoon
50
Meal composition affects how long the meal takes to move from the stomach to the small intestines. Which of the following types of meals would move most SLOWLY out of the stomach?
High fat meal
51
The role of gastrin is to:
stimulate the production of acid in the stomach.
stimulate the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin.
52
HCl destroys most harmful _______ and viruses in foods.
Bacteria
53
The liquid contents of the stomach are a mixture of gastric secretions and partially digested food known as _______.
Chyme
54
The stomach empties in about ______ hours depending on the contents and size of the meal.
1-4
55
The substance necessary for the body to absorb Vitamin B-12 is
Intrinsic factor
56
The first part of the small intestine is the ______.
Duodenum
57
The villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine ______ times that of a smooth tube.
600
58
Each enterocyte has a brush border made up of ______.
Microvilli
59
The stomach is responsible for the production of ______.
Ghrelin
Intrinsic factor
60
Most absorption in the small intestine occurs in the ______.
Duodenum
Jejeunum
61
62
Which kinds of cells line the villi?
Enterocytes
Endocrine cells
Goblet cells
63
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered ______ structures.
Accessory
64
Digestion in the duodenum requires many secretions from the ______.
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
65
One function of bile in digestion is to ______ fats, to disperse fat into many tiny droplets.
Emulsify
66
In the small intestine, the chyme moves slowly through the circular folds allowing the chyme to
come into close contact with the villi.
be completely mixed with digestive juices.
67
Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestine via the
Bile duct
Pancreatic duct
68
The gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum and reabsorbs it in the ileum. This recycling of bile by the liver is part of the ______ circulation.
Enterohepatic
69
The pancreatic juices are very ______ to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.
Basic, alkaline
70
Pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down ______ for digestion.
Starch
71
The small intestine absorbs about 95% of ______.
Digested fat
Alcohol
Digested protein
72
Identify the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion.
Water
Fats
73
What is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestine from the stomach?
Sodium bicarbonate
74
Pancreatic lipase is responsible for breaking down ______ for digestion.
Lipids
75
This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to fat and stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile.
Cholecystokinin
76
Which of the following nutrients is NOT absorbed via facilitated diffusion?
Glucose
77
Which GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to acidic chyme and stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate?
Secretin
78
When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called
Active absorption
79
Which nutrient is absorbed by active absorption?
Glucose
80
Which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion?
Fructose
81
Phagocytosis occurs when the absorptive cells in the small intestine
Surround and engulf a solid compound
82
Diarrhea in young children is typically caused by ______.
Bacteria
Viruses
Rotavirus
83
Active absorption needs both a carrier protein and ______.
ATP
84
Which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption?
Amino acids
Glucose
85
In pinocytosis, absorptive cells engulf ______.
Liquids or compounds
86
The choice of system used to transport nutrients is based primarily on whether the nutrients are
Fat or water soluble
87
Which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the cardiovascular system?
short- and medium-chain fatty acids
proteins, carbohydrates, B-vitamins, vitamin C
water-soluble nutrients
88
Which of the following are true about the lymphatic system?
The villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to larger lymph vessels.
Lymph is a clear fluid until carrying fats, which causes the lymph to look milky.
89
Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to which circulatory systems in the body?
Lymphatic system
Cardiovascular system
90
Place the 5 sections of the colon in the order in which a substance would pass through the large intestine after it leaves the small intestine.
1. Cecum
2. Ascending colon
3. Transverse colon
4. Descending colon
5. Sigmoid colon
91
Once nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream in the capillary beds, blood then flows directly into the ______.
Hepatic portal vein system
92
These nutrients would be picked up into the lymphatic system.
Large protein molecules
92
Which of the following are absorbed in the large intestine?
Water and electrolytes
93
The large intestine is described as large compared to the small intestine because it is ______.
Larger in diameter to the small intestine
94
Some roles of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine are to
make vitamin K and biotin.
metabolize undigested complex carbohydrates, fibers and starches.
95
In healthy individuals, the largest influence on gut microbial composition is
Diet
96
The main functions of the large intestine include
form and expel feces.
absorb water and electrolytes.
house gut microbiota.
97
FMT is intended to ______.
help combat a specific disease
help reduce disease symptoms
98
Factors that influence adult human gut microbiome composition include
Alcohol
Smoking
Exercise
99
Which diseases of the nervous system may be treated by FMT?
Alzheimers disease
Epilepsy
Multiple sclerosis
100
The process of _______ _________ ________ involves the transfer of a healthy gut-microbial community from a healthy donor to a diseased patient.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)
101
A substance that serves as fuel for bacteria in the large intestine is called a
Prebiotic
102
Identify which diseases of the digestive system may be treated by FMT?
Hepatitis
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Crohn's disease
103
The beneficial bacteria and/or yeast found in fermented foods, such as yogurt, kefir (a type of fermented milk), and miso (fermented soybean paste), may be _____.
Bacillus
Saccharomyces
Enterococcus
104
Examples of probiotic foods include
Miso
Yogurt
105
Inulin is an example of a ______.
Prebiotic
106
Identify healthy bacteria that reside in the large intestine.
Lactobacilli
Bifidobacteria
107
Resistant starch that functions as a prebiotic can be found in ______.
Unripe bananas
Unprocessed whole grains
Seeds
108
The large intestine absorbs about ______ percent of the water.
10
109
Feces are formed and held in which organ?
Large intestine
110
Experiencing heartburn more than 2 times a week may be a symptom of the digestive disorder ______.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
111
Feces in the rectum are a powerful stimulation for ______.
Defecation
112
Identify the 2 different forms of GERD.
Erosive reflux disease
Non-erosive reflux disease
113
This disorder of the digestive system is characterized by a burning sensation or sour taste in the back of the mouth, especially after a large or fatty meal.
Heartburn
114
The medications used to treat GERD include ______.
Protein pump inhibitors
Antacids
115
Ulcers of the stomach most often occur in which age group?
Older adults
116
The acid-resistant bacteria ______ is one of the two main causes of peptic ulcers.
Helicobacter pylori
117
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) can ______.
Cause liver swelling
Occur when liver cells store excess fat
118
Identify the lifestyle changes used to treat GERD.
Managing stress
Losing weight
119
Younger people most often develop ulcers in the
Small intestine
120
People with ulcers should refrain from the use of NSAIDs because they reduce the ______ secreted by the stomach.
Mucus
121
The diets high in saturated fats and sugars may ______.
trigger toxin formation
increase fat storage in the liver
trigger abnormal oxidation
122
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis is characterized by ______.
Inflammation or scarring of the liver
123
Gallstones are composed of ______.
Cholesterol
Bile pigments
124
Diets high in which dietary components can increase fat storage in the liver?
Fructose
Saturated fats
Sugar sweetened beverages
125
Gallstones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a ______.
Golf ball
126
Identify risk factors for gallstone formation.
Excess weight
Rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting
Consumption of high calorie, low-fiber diet
Female
127
Common causes of food intolerances include
toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria
deficiencies in digestive enzymes
sensitivities to a food component (such as gluten)
128
Avoiding foods containing FODMAPS has been shown to reduce the symptoms of ______.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
129
The unpleasant odor associated with flatulence is mainly attributed to
Sulfur
130
Which protein found in wheat can trigger an autoimmune response that damages the villi of the small intestine?
Gluten
131
Medications such as ______ can cause constipation.
Opioids
Antidepressants
Antacids
132
The examples of foods that contain FODMAPs include ______.
Dairy products
Wheat
Onions
133
Intestinal gas that is passed through the rectum is called
Flatulence
134
The dietary supplements of ______ can also cause constipation.
Calcium
Iron
135
Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes ______.
Consuming more fiber daily
Consuming more fluids daily
136
The symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome can get aggravated by the consumption of ______.
Onions
Cabbage
Gluten
137
What percent of the US population suffers from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
About 10-15%
138
Which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?
Soluble fiber is more effective than insoluble fiber.
Fiber has not been shown to be important in the treatment of IBS.
139
Factors that contribute to the development of irritable bowel syndrome include
altered gut immunity.
psychosocial distress.
abnormal intestinal motility.
140
The most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the United States are
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's disease
141
Dietary constituents that aggravate the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome include ______.
Honey
Fruit
Dairy products
142
Identify causes of hemorrhoids.
Pregnancy and obesity
Straining during bowel movements
Added stress to the veins of the rectum and anus
143
Complications of inflammatory bowel disease include
Protein-calorie malnutrition
Nutritional deficiencies such as anemia and osteoporosis
144
