Exam 2 Review Flashcards

(36 cards)

1
Q

Mouth and salivary glands

A
  • Prepare food for swallowing: chewing, moistening with saliva
  • Detect taste molecules
  • Start digestion of starch with amylase enzyme
  • Start digestion of fat with lingual lipase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Esophagus

A

Moves food from stomach by peristaltic waves initiatated by swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stomach

A
  • Secretes gastric juice containing acid, enzymes, and hormones
  • Mixes food with gastric juices, converting it to liquid chyme
  • Starts digestion of protein and fat
  • Kills micro-organisms with acid
  • Secretes intrinsic factor, a protein required for vitamin B-12 absorption
  • Slowly releases chyme to the small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile to aid fat digestion and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile and releases it to the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Small intestine

A
  • Mixes chyme with bile and pancreatic juice to complete digestion
  • Secretes hormones that help regulate digestive processes
  • Secretes digestive enzymes
  • Absorbs nutrients and other compounds in foods
  • Transports remaining residue to large intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Large intestine (colon)

A
  • Absorbs water and electrolytes (sodium and potassium)
  • Forms and stores feces
  • Houses most of the gut microbiota
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rectum

A

Holds and expels feces via the anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Amylase

A

Starch-digesting enzyme from the salivary glands or pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Inactive protein precursor to the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin; produced in the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Lipase

A

Fat-digesting enzyme; produced by the stomach, salivary glands, and pancreas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

HCl

A

Produced by the stomach to help create an acidic environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gastrin

A

Hormone that stimulates HCl and pepsinogen secretion by the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Hormone released by small intestine in response to dietary fat in chyme; stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Protease

A

Produced in the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine; breaks down proteins into amino acids

17
Q

Secretin

A

Hormone released by the small intestine in response to acidic chyme and as digestion progresses; stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate.

18
Q

3 components of saliva

A
  1. Mucus to help lubricate and hold bolus together
  2. Lysozyme to kill bacteria
  3. Amylase to break down starch
19
Q

Bicarbonate

A

Neutralizes stomach acid by raising the pH level in the duodenum.

20
Q

Bile is NOT an enzyme; most digestive enzymes end in -ase or -in

21
Q

Heartburn

A

When stomach acid back flows into the esophagus

22
Q

Bile

A

Bile is formed by the liver and is stored in the gallbladder

23
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

Hydrochloric acid primarily acts as a strong corrosive acid, lowering pH levels significantly when in contact with tissues, and plays a vital role in the stomach by aiding in protein digestion by activating the enzyme pepsin, while also killing harmful bacteria in ingested food due to its acidic nature

24
Q

What biomolecule does bile specifically work on?

A

Fats (NOT protein or carbs)

25
What are the causes of GERD (gastro-esophageal reflux disease?)
* Hiatal hernia * Alcohol use * Overweight * Smoking * Pregnancy * Some foods: citrus fruits, chocolate, caffeinated drinks, fatty and fried foods, garlic, onions, spicy foods, tomato- based foods
26
What is the leading cause of a peptic ulcer?
Infection with Helicobacter pylori and heavy use of NSAIDS
27
Gallstones are formed by?
Develop when cholesterol and bile pigments form crystal-like particles related to slow gallbladder motility and bile composition
28
Inflammatory bowel disease
Cause is unknown, but an overactive inflammatory response to antigens in GI tract is suspected. Two forms: Ulcerative colitis: Inflammation and ulceration of the innermost layer of the large intestine Crohn’s disease: Inflammation and ulceration in all layers and in any part of the GI tract
29
Food Insecurity
Lack of access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life
30
In the US, how many households are food insecure?
13.5?
31
What is the federal government funded program that aids women, infants, and children?
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
32
What is the supplemental nutrition assistance program and who does it serve?
It provides monthly benefits in the form of an electronic benefit transfer (EBT) card, which works as a debit card. The average benefit per person is $155 per month. About 42 million people per month participate in this program or about 13% of the US population. Many of those receiving benefits are children; 31% of all children aged 5 to 17 years and 13% of children aged less than 5 years.
33
What US government agency is over the nutrition programs? (Both food industry and dietary guidelines)
USDA
34
What program(s) does the USDA have for older adults?
The Older Americans Act provides funding for nutrition programs targeted at older adults. Many communities offer congregate meal programs (often, lunch served daily at a variety of sites in a community) and home-delivered meals - commonly known as meals on wheels. Seniors Farmers' Market Nutrition Program also is available in many states.
35
What population is most affected by food insecurity, malnutrition, and hunger?
Women, infants, children, and adolescents.
36