Exam 2 Review Flashcards
(36 cards)
Mouth and salivary glands
- Prepare food for swallowing: chewing, moistening with saliva
- Detect taste molecules
- Start digestion of starch with amylase enzyme
- Start digestion of fat with lingual lipase
Esophagus
Moves food from stomach by peristaltic waves initiatated by swallowing
Stomach
- Secretes gastric juice containing acid, enzymes, and hormones
- Mixes food with gastric juices, converting it to liquid chyme
- Starts digestion of protein and fat
- Kills micro-organisms with acid
- Secretes intrinsic factor, a protein required for vitamin B-12 absorption
- Slowly releases chyme to the small intestine
Liver
Produces bile to aid fat digestion and absorption
Gallbladder
Stores and concentrates bile and releases it to the small intestine
Pancreas
Secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine
Small intestine
- Mixes chyme with bile and pancreatic juice to complete digestion
- Secretes hormones that help regulate digestive processes
- Secretes digestive enzymes
- Absorbs nutrients and other compounds in foods
- Transports remaining residue to large intestine
Large intestine (colon)
- Absorbs water and electrolytes (sodium and potassium)
- Forms and stores feces
- Houses most of the gut microbiota
Rectum
Holds and expels feces via the anus
Amylase
Starch-digesting enzyme from the salivary glands or pancreas
Pepsinogen
Inactive protein precursor to the protein-digesting enzyme pepsin; produced in the stomach.
Lipase
Fat-digesting enzyme; produced by the stomach, salivary glands, and pancreas.
HCl
Produced by the stomach to help create an acidic environment.
Gastrin
Hormone that stimulates HCl and pepsinogen secretion by the stomach.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Hormone released by small intestine in response to dietary fat in chyme; stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder.
Protease
Produced in the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine; breaks down proteins into amino acids
Secretin
Hormone released by the small intestine in response to acidic chyme and as digestion progresses; stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate.
3 components of saliva
- Mucus to help lubricate and hold bolus together
- Lysozyme to kill bacteria
- Amylase to break down starch
Bicarbonate
Neutralizes stomach acid by raising the pH level in the duodenum.
Bile is NOT an enzyme; most digestive enzymes end in -ase or -in
True
Heartburn
When stomach acid back flows into the esophagus
Bile
Bile is formed by the liver and is stored in the gallbladder
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid primarily acts as a strong corrosive acid, lowering pH levels significantly when in contact with tissues, and plays a vital role in the stomach by aiding in protein digestion by activating the enzyme pepsin, while also killing harmful bacteria in ingested food due to its acidic nature
What biomolecule does bile specifically work on?
Fats (NOT protein or carbs)