Chapter 4- Ebryo

Question 1

Totipotency

Answer 1

A single cell can differentiate into any and all cell types in an organism. (Zygote)

Question 2

Pluripotency

Answer 2

A single cell can differentiate into many cell types (Inner Cell Mass)

Question 3

Multipotency

Answer 3

Single cell gives rise to other types of cell but is limited in its ability to differentiate (Adult Stem Cell)

Question 4

Unipotency

Answer 4

A cell can differentiate along only one lineage (sperm stem cells)

Question 5

Differentiation

Answer 5

Less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell (Morphology, structure, function, metabolism, response to signals) Usually considered terminal and irreversible.

Question 6

Embryogenesis

Answer 6

Process of cellular Growth and Differentiation that leads to development of embryo.
sequence of critical events in the formation of embryo.
1) Fertilization
2) Cleavage
3)Monula
4)Blastocyst
3) Blastocyst Hatching

Question 7

Primary Embryonic Germ Layers

Answer 7

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm

Question 8

Endoderm

Answer 8

-Digestive System
-Lungs
-Endocrine System
-Liver and Pancreas

Question 9

Mesoderm

Answer 9

Muscle, skeleton, cardiovascular, repro system
Uterus, cervix, vagina, gonads, accessory sex glands, epididymus, ductus deferens

Question 10

Ectoderm

Answer 10

Nervous System
Skin
Repro Tract
Hypothalamus, pituitary lobes, skin and hair and nails, sweat glands, Oral+nasal cavity, penis and clit, vagina

Question 11

Blastocoelle

Answer 11

fluid-filled cleavage cavity that keeps cells in place as they differentiate

Question 12

Trophoblast

Answer 12

A layer of tissue on the outside of a mammalian blastula, supplying the embryo with nourishment and later forming the major part of the placenta.

Question 13

Endocrine System

Answer 13

network of glands for hormone secretion.
-Hypothalamus
-Pituitary Gland
-Thyroid Gland
-Adrenal Glands
-Pineal Gland
-Gonads
-Adipose

Question 14

Hypothalamus

Answer 14

(Brain component of endocrine)
Links endocrine and nervous systems
Drives endocrine system

Question 15

Pituitary

Answer 15

-Master Regulator of growth, development, and reproduction.
-Made up of Posterior Lobe and Anterior Lobe
-Produced by Hypothalamus

Question 16

Gonad

Answer 16

(Testes or Ovaries)
-Produce gonadal steroids that affect growth and development
-regulates repro cycle and dvpmt

Question 17

Thyroid

Answer 17

Regulates Metabolism
Critical to healthy environment and maturation of cells

Question 18

Pineal

Answer 18

Produces Melatonin

Question 19

Adrenal Glands

Answer 19

-Hormones produced in response to stress
- Regulate Blood Pressure, salt water balance, and glucose metabolism

Question 20

Adipose

Answer 20

(fat tissue that is also an endocrine ‘organ’)
Produces
-Leptin: cardiovascular disease
-Adiponectin: cardiovasc protective

Question 21

Posterior Lobe

Answer 21

Secretes hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Originates from neural tissue

Question 22

Anterior Lobe

Answer 22

Produces its own hormones and acts on other endocrine glands. Originates from the roof of the mouth (stomadeal ectoderm)

Question 23

Kinnefelter’s Syndrome

Answer 23

XXY-
no inactivation of x chromsome
sterile
testicular hypoplasia

Question 24

Turners Syndrome

Answer 24

XO- Sterile due to lack of ovarian development

Question 25

Male Gonad Produces

Answer 25

Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone, Testosterone, and DHT

Question 26

DHT

Answer 26

contributes to the development of sexual structures and characteristics in people assigned male at birth.

Question 26

MIH

Answer 26

Mullerian Inhibitor

Question 27

Testosterone

Question 28

Cryptorchidism

Question 29

4 Determinants of Sex

Answer 29

1) Chromosomal (Genetic Sex) XX or XY 2) Gonadal Sex Testes or Ovaries 3) Phenotypic Sex Fat Deposition, Voice, Hair Patterns 4) Behavioral Sex Sex of Brain/ Psychology

Question 30

Trans-DIfferentiation

Answer 30

one mature somatic cell transforms into another mature somatic cell without undergoing an intermediate state

Question 31

Embryo

Answer 31

earliest stage of development -stage between first divsion of zygote until major formation of orans/systems in vertebrates

Question 32

Fetus

Answer 32

unborn vertebrate offspring until birth. 8 weeks after fert until birth

Question 33

Conceptus

Answer 33

entire product of conception from fertilization and its membranes

Question 34

Prenatal Development

Answer 34

1) germinal dvpmt fert to 2 weeks 2) Embryonic dvpmt major organ system forming, organogenesis 3) Fetal dvpmt organogenesis until birth (end of 8 weeks to 40 weeks) 4) Parturition delivering conceptus (39-40 weeks)

Question 35

Perinatal Development

Answer 35

Period immediately before and after birth

Question 36

Pituitary Hormones

Answer 36

ACTH FSH LH TSH

Question 37

Anterior Pituitary Target Tissues + Hormones

Answer 37

Bones, Muscles, and organs (growth hormone) breasts (prolactin) Ovaries, Testes (LH and FSH) Adrenal Cortex (ACTH) Thyroid Gland (TSH)

Question 38

Posterior Pituitary Target Tissues and Hormones

Answer 38

Kidneys (ADH) Breasts and Uterus (Oxytocin)

Question 39

Sella Turcica

Answer 39

bony surface on sphenoid bone, wraps around anterior and posterior pituitary

Question 40

GSD (Genotypic Sex determination)

Answer 40

Y chromosome induces testis differentiation Birds+Some Reptiles W Chrom. induces ovary differentiation male: ZZ Female: ZW

Question 41

TSD (Temp. Dependent Sex determination)

Answer 41

sex determined by temperature, steroids Certain temps can reverse genotypic sex of an embryo

Question 42

Bipotential Gonad

Answer 42

Both repro systems use the same duct system Both develop from several common elements located on genital ridge

Question 43

Embryo and the Renal system (mesanephros . . .etc.)

Answer 43

1) Mesonephros (initial kidney) 2) paramesonephric ducts develop and metanephros start developing kidneys 3)

Question 44

Meso and parameso (male and female)

Answer 44

Male mesonephric tubules- efferent ducts mesonephric ducts- epididymus and ductus deferens ---paramesno ducts will disappear Female Paramesno ducts (mullerian ducts)- oviducts, cervix, uterus, vagina