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ACBS Reproductive > lectures 16-18 > Flashcards

lectures 16-18 Flashcards

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1
Q

Steps from Viable Sperm to Fertilization

A

Tranverse the Cervix
Transport through uterus to oviduct
sperm capacitation
bind to oocyte
acrosome reaction
penetrate zona pellucida and fuse with oocyte plasma membrane

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2
Q

Spem in the Female Tract is lost by

A

phagocytosis by neutrophils (powerful white blood cell)
mucosa of fmeale repro tract
Retrograde Transport

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3
Q

Degree of Sperm lost in tract depends on

A

Nature of Ejaculate
Site of Seminal Deposition

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4
Q

Deposition of Sperm and Retrograde Loss

A

Ram, Bull, Man
-cranial vagina
Boar and Stallion
-into or through cervix

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5
Q

Insemination Location

A

Uterine Body Vs. Corunal little difference
Directly in Cervix much better than in horns- much higher sperm percent recovered

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6
Q

____Rapid____ Transport Phase

A

–Sperm reach oviducts within a few minutes
–sperm are not viable
–Primarily the result of elevated uterine muscularis tone and motility

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7
Q

____sustained_____ Transport Phase

A

Continues to enter the oviduct for hours (trickle-like)
-reservoir in cervix and uterotubal junction
Sperm “docking” in oviduct epithelium promotes survival
-without docking the sperm die 6-10 hours

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8
Q

Endocrine Aspect of uterus muscularis tone and motility

A

-Intermittent Muscularis Contraction
-Fluid Distribution in Female Reproductive Tract
-Other Seminal Factors

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9
Q

Intermittent Muscularis Contractions

A
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10
Q

Fluid Distribution in Female Reproductive Tract

A
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11
Q

Other Seminal Factors

A
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12
Q

Cervix is a

A

major barrier for sperm transport and also a reservoir for sperm
-cervical mucus
-sulfomucin

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13
Q

Cervical Mucus

A

sialomucin
-low viscosity
-produced by basal areas of cervical crypts
encountered sperm swim in privileged pathways

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14
Q

Sulfomucin (apical areas)

A

Highly viscous
encountered sperm being washed out of the tract

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15
Q

Capacitation

A

sperm undergoes change in female repro tract and achieve max fertility
-Biochem changes of _sperm plasma___ membrane
-can happen over a few hours
-reversible in seminal plasma
epididymal, ejaculated, capacitated

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16
Q

Model of Capacitation

A

-displacement or release of decapacitation factors
-removal of cholestrol into cholestrol acceptors
-influx of calcium
-increase in cytoplasmic cAMP
-Changes in activity of cytoplasmic enzymes

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17
Q

Sequence of Events required for Fertilization

A

-Hyperactive Motility
-Binding to Zona Pellucida
-Acrosomal Reaction
-Penetration of Zona Pellucida
-Sperm-Oocyte membrane fusion
-Sperm engulfed
-decondensation of sperm nucleus
-formation of male pronucleus

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18
Q

Acquisition of hyperactive motility

A

Occurs in the _oviduct____
Facilitates sperm-oocyte contact
-placement
-penetration of ZP

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19
Q

Sperm Bind to ZP to

A

Adhere sperm to ZP
-primary zona binding region
Initiate acrosome reaction

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20
Q

Zona Pellucida Made up of

A

made up of 3 glycoproteins
ZP1- structural integrity, cross links 2 and 3, not essential for fert.
ZP2- mediates subsequent sperm binding
ZP3- species specific sperm binding

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21
Q

Acrosomal Reaction

A

-Penetration of ZP (enzymes)
-exposes equatorial segment on sperms- required for sperm-oocyte fusion
Vesiculation
Acrosin
ZP needs to remain intact

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22
Q

Sperm Oocyte fusion

A

Requires fusion protein
-located in equatorial segment of sperm membrane and oocyte membrane
-activated after acrosome rxn
-enable the sperm membrane to fuse/bind with oocyte membrane

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23
Q

Cortical Rxn= zona rxn

A

exocytosis cortical vesicles
zona block
vitelline block
GOAL is to prevent polyspermy
SLIDE 13 lecture 16

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24
Q

pronuclei formation
male+female DNA form single nucleus

Study These Flashcards
A

de-condensation of sperm nucleus
fusion of male and female pronuclei= syngamy

25
zygote
first stage of embryogenesis
26
LECTURE 17 BELOW
27
embryo
An animal in its earliest stage of development, defined as the stage between first division of the zygote until formation of major organs and vertebrates
28
fetus
an unborn vertebrate offspring after the embryonic stage until birth/hatching fetus= 8th week after fert until conception
29
conceptus
the entire products of conception from fert. onwards
30
prenatal
Zygote Until Birth early embryonic development implantation embryonic development fetal development parturition
31
perinatal
The period immediately before and after birth starts 20-28 week of gestation ends 1-4 weeks after birth
32
Goal of Embryogenesis and 4 steps
the fertilized ovum develop into an offspring **a process of cellular growth and differentiation leading to formation of the embryo (strict timeline) -development within the confines of ZP -Hatching from the ZP -Maternal Recognition of pregnancy -Formation of the extraembryonic membranes
33
Major Early Embryonic Development Events of Mammals
1) zygote: single celled embryo formed during fusion of male and female pronuclei 2) Cleavage day 1-2: process of cellular division (rapid, no significant growth in size, cell # keeps doubling in ZP) 3) Morula Formation day 3.5: solid ball of cells 4) Blastocyst Formation day 4-5 (16-64 cells) 5) Blastocyst Hatching (day 5-6)
34
Morula Formation two distinct cell types
Outer Cells: For tight cell junctions cell to cell adhesions Inner Cells: form gap junctions intercellular communication
35
Blastocyst Formation
A large central cavity called blastocoele filled with fluid in blastocyst two cell types become apparent- Trophoblast (CHORION) and Inner Cell Mass (EMBRYO) Tight Junctions in outer cells allow regulation of permeability to ion Active Sodium Pumps (Sodium from outside to inside and water flow inside)
36
Blastocyst Hatching
more than 64 cells cell growth and fluid accumulation within blastocyst Trophoblast produce proteolytic enzymes that degrade ZP Mechanical (contraction and relaxation)
37
Intrauterine Migration and Spacing
spacing between ebryos is essential for fetal survival in polytocous species
38
Blastocyst Elongation
On day 11 of gestation in sheep and pig, day 13 in the cow, blastocyst start to undergo logarithmic elongation phase
39
Major Early Embryonic Development Events of Mammals
Implantation trophoblast differentiates into two distinct layers inner cytotrophoblast outer synchiotrophoblast
40
Nuclear Transplantation (cloning)
adult cells into ootid reestablish totoepotency
41
Embryo Tranfer Procedure
slide 10 lecture 17
42
Embryo Tranfer Advantages
-circumvention of seasonal repro -enhanced generations of offspring in monotocous species -assisted repro in infertile humans -enhanced repro potential of endangered species -enhanced genetic diversity across wide geographic region
43
Maternal recognition of Pregnancy
Embryo enters uterus 2-5 days after ovulation luteolysis must be prevented progesterone must stay high conceptus signals its presence to maternal body which enables pregnancy to continue
44
Progesterone Hormone in Pregnancy
Assures Uterine quiescence -Increases uterine secretory activity (histotroph for nutrition) -causes solidification of cervical mucus
45
Progesterone major source
CL is major placenta also makes some later CL is rescued from luteolysis - conceptus plays active part in rescue
46
Complete Uterectomy
CL lifespan prolonged about 9 months
47
Partial Uterectomy
Ipsilateral (same side of CL) lifespan about twice as long contralateral (opp side of CL) very little change
48
Major Luteolytic Hormone
PGF2a pulsatile secretion -dependent on oxytocin receptors on endometrium cells produced by endometrium
49
Chemical Message results in maintenance of CL
prevents OGF2a production prevents PGF2a release blocks luteolytic efffects of pgf2a at CL
50
Signals are Species specific
IFN-t in ruminants (SLIDE 5 LECTURE 18) E2 in Swine CG in humans
51
aternal preg recognition in sow
–Estrogen from Conceptus pgf2a secreted in uterus exocrine not endo increased estrogen incresses conytractions –Prolactin Receptors in uterus alters ionic flux
52
Mare maternal Recognition Primates and ruminants on slide 7
spherical conceptus must make extensive contact with endometrial surface conceptus produces protein for recognition
53
Extraembryonic Membranes
Yolk Sac: early nutrient supply for early embryo Chorion: attaches to uterus, absorbs nutrients from uterus, and allows gas exchange Allantois: carries blood vessels of placenta, reservoir for nutrients and waste. Umbilical cord attaches fetus to allantois Amnion: Protects fetus from injury, provides lubrication for for parturition, reservoir for urine+waste (ANSW to class question- is filled with fluid and hydraulically protects fetus) Allantochorion: Allantois fuses with with chorion, fetal contribution to the placenta
54
Prganncy advantages of Eutherian over oviparous mammals
adequate nutrients and protection Placenta: Organ of metabolic interchange and endocrine organ Parturition: Giving Birth to young
55
final prepartum steps of reproduction
1) placenta formation 2) endocrine function of placenta 3) parturition initiation
56
Placenta
transient organ between conceptus and dam develips in uterus, active metabolic organ Chorionic Villi are the funstional units of placenta: finger like projections that protrude from chorion to uterine endometrium
57
2 PLacenta Classifications
gross shape of placenta and chorionic villi distribution of tissue layers separating maternal and fetal vascular systems Interstitial and eccentric= discoid type centric= the other types SLIDE 13!!
58
neutrophils
within 6-12 hours after insemination large migratin]on of neutrophils from uterine mucosa into uterine lumen attacks foreign materials sperm (alive and dead) microorganisms introduced during copulation Important contributor to post insemination loss and prevention repro tract infection

ACBS Reproductive (9 decks)

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