Chapter 4, Skin and Body Membranes

Question 1

Name the 3 Epithelial membranes

Answer 1

Cutaneous membranes Mucous membranes Serous membranes

Question 2

Name the type of Connective tissue membrane

Answer 2

Synovial membranes

Question 3

Cutaneous membrane

Answer 3

= skin Dry membrane Outermost protective boundary Superficial epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Underlying dermis is mostly dense connective tissue

Question 4

mucous membrane

Answer 4

Surface epithelium type depends on site Stratified squamous epithelium (mouth, esophagus) Simple columnar epithelium (rest of digestive tract) Underlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria) Lines all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface Often adapted for absorption or secretion

Question 5

serous membranes

Answer 5

Surface is a layer of simple squamous epithelium Underlying layer is a thin layer of areolar connective tissue Lines open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body Serous membranes occur in pairs separated by serous fluid Visceral layer covers the outside of the organ Parietal layer lines a portion of the wall of ventral body cavity

Question 6

Specific serous membranes

Answer 6

Peritoneum = Abdominal cavity Pleura = Around the lungs Pericardium = Around the heart

Question 7

Synovial membrane

Answer 7

Connective tissue only Lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints Secretes a lubricating fluid

Question 8

Name 4 Skin derivatives

Answer 8

Sweat glands Oil glands Hair Nails

Question 9

Skin functions by protecting deeper tissues from: (6 things)

Answer 9

Mechanical damage (bumps) Chemical damage (acids and bases) Bacterial damage Ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) Thermal damage (heat or cold) Dessication (drying out)

Question 10

In addition to protecting deeper tissues, skin also: (5 things)

Answer 10

Aids in body heat loss or heat retention as controlled by the nervous system Cutaneous sensations Temperature, touch, and pain Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid Synthesizes vitamin D

Question 11

Epidermis

Answer 11

• Stratified squamous epithelium keratinized (hardened by keratin) -prevent H2O loss Avascular

Question 12

Dermis

Answer 12

• Dense connective tissue - Contains the appendages of the skin

Question 13

Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

Answer 13

– mostly adipose Not technically part of the skin Anchors skin to underlying organs

Question 14

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

Answer 14

Deepest layer of epidermis Lies next to dermis Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together Cells undergoing mitosis Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers

Question 15

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum lucidum

Answer 15

Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet

Question 16

Layers of the Epidermis: Stratum corneum

Answer 16

Outermost layer of epidermis Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

Question 17

List the Layers of the Epidermis from deepest to most superficial (Bad School Girls Like Champagne)

Answer 17

Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only) Stratum corneum

Question 18

Melanin

Answer 18

Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale Color is yellow to brown to black Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight

Question 19

Dermis: Papillary layer (upper dermal region)

Answer 19

Projections called dermal papillae Some contain capillary loops Others house pain receptors and touch receptors

Question 20

Dermis: Reticular layer (deepest skin layer)

Answer 20

Blood vessels Sweat and oil glands Deep pressure receptors

Question 21

What are the 3 normal color determinants?

Answer 21

Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin

Question 22

Melanin

Answer 22

Yellow, brown, or black pigments

Question 23

Carotene

Answer 23

Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

Question 24

Hemoglobin

Answer 24

Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

Question 25

Alterations in Skin Color: Redness (erythema)

Answer 25

—due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

Question 26

Alterations in Skin Color: Pallor (blanching)

Answer 26

—due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

Question 27

Alterations in Skin Color: Jaundice (yellowing)

Answer 27

—liver disorder

Question 28

Alterations in Skin Color: Bruises

Answer 28

—hematomas

Question 29

Oil (sebaceous) glands 6 things

Answer 29

Produce oil (sebum) Lubricant for skin Prevents brittle hair Kills bacteria Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface Glands are activated at puberty

Question 30

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands

Answer 30

Produce sweat Widely distributed in skin

Question 31

Sudoriferous Eccrine glands

Answer 31

Open via duct to pore on skin surface Produce sweat (clear)

Question 32

Sudoiferous Apocrine glands

Answer 32

Ducts empty into hair follicles Begin to function at puberty Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky/yellowish color)

Question 33

What’s sweat made out of?

Answer 33

Mostly water Salts and vitamin C Some metabolic waste Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)

Question 34

What is the function of sweat?

Answer 34

Helps dissipate excess heat Excretes waste products Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth

Question 35

Hair: What is it? What’s it made out of?

Answer 35

Produced by hair follicle Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale

Question 36

Hair follicle

Answer 36

Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root

Question 37

Arrector pili muscle

Answer 37

Smooth muscle Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened

Question 38

Nails

Answer 38

Scale-like modifications of the epidermis Heavily keratinized Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed Responsible for growth Lack of pigment makes them colorless

Question 39

What’s a burn? What are the dangers of a burn?

Answer 39

Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals Associated dangers are Dehydration, Electrolyte imbalance, and Circulatory shock

Question 40

First-degree burns

Answer 40

Only epidermis is damaged Skin is red and swollen

Question 41

Second-degree burns

Answer 41

Epidermis and upper dermis are damaged Skin is red with blisters

Question 42

Third-degree burns

Answer 42

Destroys entire skin layer; burned area is painless Burn is gray-white or black

Question 43

Burns are considered critical if there is:

Answer 43

Over 25 percent of body has second-degree burns Over 10 percent of the body has third-degree burns Third-degree burns of the face, hands, or feet

Question 44

Basal cell carcinoma

Answer 44

Least malignant Most common type Arises from stratum basale

Question 45

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 45

Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed Early removal allows a good chance of cure Believed to be sun-induced Arises from stratum spinosum

Question 46

Malignant melanoma

Answer 46

Most deadly of skin cancers Cancer of melanocytes Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels Detection uses ABCD rule

Question 47

ABCD Rule

Answer 47

A = Asymmetry Two sides of pigmented mole do not match B = Border irregularity Borders of mole are not smooth C = Color Different colors in pigmented area D = Diameter Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter