Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues Flashcards

Question

•Peroxisomes

Answer 1

–Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes • Detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and formaldehyde • Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals) –Replicate by pinching in half

Answer 2

–Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm –Provides the cell with an internal framework –Three different types of elements • Microfilaments (largest) • Intermediate filaments • Microtubules (smallest)

Answer 3

–Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules –Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

Answer 4

moves materials across the cell surface •Located in the respiratory system to move mucus built out of centriolles

Answer 5

propel the cell •The only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm built out of centriolles

Answer 6

tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane •Increase surface area for absorption

Answer 7

they have no nucleus or organelles

Answer 8

False. Skeletal muscle cells are multinucelated and have large numbers of mitochondria.

Answer 9

Fasle. Cardia muscle has intercalated discs

Answer 10

False. adipose cells store lipids.

Answer 11

–Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution –Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient

Answer 12

—simple diffusion of water •Highly polar water molecules easily cross the plasma membrane through aquaporins

Answer 13

* Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport * Transports lipid-insoluble and large substances

Answer 14

Amino acids, some sugars, and ions are transported by protein carriers called solute pumps –ATP energizes protein carriers –In most cases, substances are moved against concentration gradients

Answer 15

Moves materials out of the cell •Material is carried in a membranous vesicle •Vesicle migrates to plasma membrane •Vesicle combines with plasma membrane •Material is emptied to the outside

Answer 16

•Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vescicle –Types of endocytosis •Phagocytosis—“cell eating” •Pinocytosis—“cell drinking”

Answer 17

–First part of cell division –Centrioles migrate to the poles to direct assembly of mitotic spindle fibers –DNA appears as double-stranded chromosomes –Nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears

Answer 18

–Chromosomes are aligned in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate

Answer 19

–Chromosomes are pulled apart and toward the opposite ends of the cell –Cell begins to elongate

Answer 20

–Chromosomes uncoil to become chromatin –Nuclear envelope reforms around chromatin –Spindles break down and disappear

Answer 21

–Begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase –A cleavage furrow forms to pinch the cells into two parts

Answer 22

–Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein

Answer 23

–Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

Answer 24

–Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

Answer 25

–Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA –Three-base sequences on mRNA are called codons occurs in nucleus where DNA is transcribe to mRNA

Answer 26

–Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence –Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins occurs in cytoplasm where mRNA is used to make proteins

Answer 27

•Epithelial tissue (epithelium) •Connective tissue •Muscle tissue •Nervous tissue •

Answer 28

–Body coverings –Body linings –Glandular tissue

Answer 29

–Protection –Absorption –Filtration –Secretion

Answer 30

* Cells fit closely together and often form sheets * The apical surface is the free surface of the tissue * The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a basement membrane * Avascular (no blood supply) * Regenerate easily if well nourished

Answer 31

Simple or stratified AND Squamous, cuboidal, or columnar

Answer 32

**•Simple squamous** –Single layer of flat cells –Location - usually forms membranes •Lines body cavities •Lines lungs and capillaries –Functions in diffusion, filtration, or secretion in membranes

Answer 33

**•Simple cuboidal** –Single layer of cube-like cells –Locations •Common in glands and their ducts •Forms walls of kidney tubules •Covers the ovaries –Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells –

Answer 34

•**Simple columnar** –Single layer of tall cells –Often includes mucus-producing goblet cells –Location - lines digestive tract –Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells

Answer 35

**•Pseudostratified columnar** –Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others –Often looks like a double layer of cells but all cells rest on the basement membrane –Location - respiratory tract, where it is ciliated –Functions in absorption or secretion

Answer 36

**•Stratified squamous** –Cells at the apical surface are flattened –Functions as a protective covering where friction is common –Locations - lining of the Skin, Mouth & Esophagus

Answer 37

•Transitional epithelium –Composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium –Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching –Functions in stretching and the ability to return to normal shape –Location - lines organs of the urinary system

Answer 38

–Binds body tissues together –Supports the body –Provides protection

Answer 39

•Bone (osseous tissue) –Composed of •Bone cells in lacunae (cavities) •Hard matrix of calcium salts •Large numbers of collagen fibers –Functions to protect and support the body

Answer 40

•Hyaline cartilage –Most common type of cartilage –Composed of •Abundant collagen fibers •Rubbery matrix –Locations •Larynx •Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth –Functions as a more flexible skeletal element than bone

Answer 41

•Elastic cartilage –Provides elasticity –Location •Supports the external ear •Fibrocartilage –Highly compressible –Location •Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

Answer 42

•Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue) –Main matrix element is collagen fiber –Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers –Locations •Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone •Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints •Dermis—lower layers of the skin

Answer 43

•Loose connective tissue types –Areolar tissue •Most widely distributed connective tissue •Soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs” •Functions as a packing tissue •Contains all fiber types •Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)

Answer 44

•Loose connective tissue types –Adipose tissue •Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate •Many cells contain large lipid deposits •Functions –Insulates the body –Protects some organs –Serves as a site of fuel storage

Answer 45

•Loose connective tissue types –Reticular connective tissue •Delicate network of interwoven fibers •Locations –Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs »Lymph nodes »Spleen »Bone marrow

Answer 46

•Blood (vascular tissue) –Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called blood plasma –Fibers are visible during clotting –Functions as the transport vehicle for materials

Answer 47

•Skeletal muscle –Under voluntary control –Contracts to pull on bones or skin –Produces gross body movements or facial expressions –Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells •Striated •Multinucleate (more than one nucleus) •Long, cylindrical cells

Answer 48

•Cardiac muscle –Under involuntary control –Found only in the heart –Function is to pump blood –Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells •Striated •One nucleus per cell •Cells are attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks

Answer 49

•Smooth muscle –Under involuntary muscle –Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels –Characteristics of smooth muscle cells •No visible striations •One nucleus per cell •Spindle-shaped cells

Answer 50

•Composed of neurons and nerve support cells •Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body –Irritability –Conductivity •Support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and support neurons

Answer 51

the process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior thru fusion of teh vacuole membrane with the cell membrane

Answer 52

the taking in of matter by a living cell by the invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole

Answer 53

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans

Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues Flashcards

(84 cards)