Chapter 4 the Tissue level

Question 1

Which tissue is found in the stomach? Select all that apply.
a) Epithelial
b) Connective
c) Muscle
d) Nervous

Answer 1

a) Epithelial
b) Connective
c) Muscle
d) Nervous

Question 2

These types of cell junctions anchor adjacent cells together and resist their separation during
contractile activities.
a) Tight junctions and hemidesmosomes
b) Gap junctions and tight junctions
c) Adherens junctions and desmosomes
d) Desmosomes and gap junctions
e) Hemidesmosome and tight junctions

Answer 2

c) Adherens junctions and desmosomes

Question 3

Which statements describe the functions of the basement membrane? Select all that apply.
a) The basal lamina is a specialized type of extracellular material only secreted by connective
tissue cells.
b) Blood vessels in connective tissue do not penetrate the basement membrane, requiring
nutrients to diffuse to the epithelium tissue.
c) Hemidesmosomes connect the reticular lamina to the connective tissue.
d) Epithelial cells produce the laminin which attach to the integrins in hemidesmosomes.
e) Basement membrane helps support and guide cells in migration during tissue repair.

Answer 3

b) Blood vessels in connective tissue do not penetrate the basement membrane, requiring
nutrients to diffuse to the epithelium tissue.

d) Epithelial cells produce the laminin which attach to the integrins in hemidesmosomes.
e) Basement membrane helps support and guide cells in migration during tissue repair.

Question 4

Name and briefly describe the different categories of epithelial tissues based on cell shape and
number of layers of cells found in the tissue.

Answer 4

Based on cell shape, epithelial tissues can be divided into four categories including: 1)
squamous which are thin and flat, 2) cuboidal which are similar in width and height, 3) columnar
are taller than they are wide and 4) transitional which can change shape from cuboidal to
squamous and back again. Epithelial tissues can also be categorized based on the number of
layers of cells found in the tissue. These categories include: 1) simple which means a single layer
of cells, 2) stratified which is two or more layers of cells and 3) pseudostratified which is one
layer of cells that appears multi-layered due to the arrangement of the nuclei in the cells.

Question 5

Which epithelial tissue is found lining the kidney glomerulus, and performs blood filtration?
a) Simple squamous epithelium
b) Simple cuboidal epithelium
c) Stratified squamous epithelium
d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
e) Simple columnar epithelium

Answer 5

a) Simple squamous epithelium

Question 6

Which epithelial tissue forms the most superficial layer of the skin?
a) Simple squamous epithelium
b) Simple cuboidal epithelium
c) Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
e) Simple columnar epithelium

Answer 6

c) Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 8

Which epithelial tissue lines the ducts of sweat glands and oil glands?
a) Simple squamous epithelium
b) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
c) Stratified squamous epithelium
d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
e) Transitional epithelium

Answer 8

d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 9

Which epithelial tissue lines most bronchioles and fallopian tubes and moves mucus and
oocytes?
a) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
b) Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
c) Stratified columnar epithelium
d) Nonciliated pseudostratified epithelium
e) Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

Answer 9

b) Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

Question 10

In which area would transitional epithelial cells be found?
a) Lining of the esophagus
b) Outer layer of skin
c) Lining of the urinary bladder
d) On the surface of the heart
e) Covering the kidneys

Answer 10

c) Lining of the urinary bladder

Question 11

[ ] glands are categorized by whether their ducts are branched or unbranched.

Multicellular exocrine
Unicellular endocrine
Unicellular exocrine

Answer 11

Multicellular exocrine

Question 12

Sebaceous glands are classified as and are functionally classified as
a) simple coiled tubular gland; merocrine.
b) simple branched acinar gland; holocrine.
c) simple branched tubular gland; apocrine.
d) simple branched acinar gland; apocrine.
e) simple branched tubular gland; holocrine.

Answer 12

b) simple branched acinar gland; holocrine.

Question 13

Functional classification of exocrine glands is based on
a) shape of the gland.
b) size of the gland.
c) how the gland release its secretory product.
d) how the gland synthesizes its secretory product.

Answer 13

c) how the gland release its secretory product.

Question 14

Due to the entire cell being secreted, [ ] glands will produce the most viscous
secretion.
Dropdown Choices:
apocrine
exocrine
holocrine

Answer 14

holocrine

Question 15

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of

) enzymes and membranous organelles.
b) plasma membranes and ground substance.
c) keratinized cells and protein fibers.
d) calcified crystals of minerals and enzymes.
e) protein fibers and ground substance.

Answer 15

e) protein fibers and ground substance.

Question 16

Mesenchyme will differentiate into all EXCEPT…
a) osteoblasts.
b) Erythrocytes.
c) chondroblasts.
d) fibroblasts.
e) keratinocytes.

Answer 16

e) keratinocytes.

Question 17

The component of connective tissue is found between the cells and fibers, and
functions to support and bind cells in the tissue together.
a) matrix
b) formed elements
c) ground substance
d) basement membrane

Answer 17

c) ground substance

Question 18

Which polysaccharide is commonly found in the ground substance of connective tissues?
a) Hyaluronic acid
b) Melanin
c) Cholesterol
d) Glycogen
e) Starch

Answer 18

a) Hyaluronic acid

Question 19

Match the appropriate fiber with its function.
[dropdown 1]: modified collagen fibers used for reinforcement
[dropdown 2]: strongest and most abundant protein
[dropdown 3]: allow extensibility, usually without breaking
Dropdown Choices:
collagen
elastic
reticular

Answer 19

Answer 1: Reticular
Answer 2: Collagen
Answer 3: Elastic

Question 20

The is formed from reticular fibers that support soft organs such as the spleen and
lymph nodes.
a) matrix
b) ground substance
c) basement membrane
d) stroma
e) glycosaminoglycans

Answer 20

d) stroma

Question 21

Loose connective tissue: [dropdown 1]
Dense connective tissue: [dropdown 2]
Supporting Connective tissue: [dropdown 3]
Liquid connective tissue: [dropdown 4]
Dropdown choices: cartilage
elastic connective tissue
lymph
reticular connective tissue

Answer 21

Answer 1: reticular connective tissue
Answer 2: elastic connective tissue
Answer 3: cartilage
Answer 4: lymph

Question 22

Which is a location where adipose tissue is commonly found? Select all that apply.
a) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
b) Lining the chambers of the heart
c) Surrounding the brain
d) Inside the epidermis
e) In the articular cartilage of joints

Answer 22

a) Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
b) Lining the chambers of the heart

e) In the articular cartilage of joints

Question 23

Anne suffers from Ehlers-Danlos, a rare inherited disorder of connective tissue, specifically
affecting collagen fibers. Because many connective tissues contain collagen throughout the body,
she has issues with many tissues, joints, and skin. The ligaments and tendons are loose and heal
poorly when stretched too much. Her kneecap pops out of the groove a lot. What specific
connective tissue is being affected? Select all that apply.
a) Hyaline cartilage
b) Elastic connective tissue
c) Dense regular connective tissue
d) Areolar connective tissue
e) Reticular connective tissue

Answer 23

a) Hyaline cartilage

c) Dense regular connective tissue

Question 24

The pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are composed of
a) hyaline cartilage.
b) elastic cartilage.
c) fibrocartilage.
d) dense irregular connective tissue.
e) dense regular connective tissue.

Answer 24

c) fibrocartilage.

Question 25

Name and briefly describe the two types of growth seen in cartilage.

Answer 25

Growth of cartilage can be classified as interstitial or appositional. In interstitial growth, the cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of increasing amounts of matrix by the chondrocytes. In appositional growth, activity of the cells in the inner chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium leads to growth. Deeper layers divide and cells mature resulting in the matrix accumulating beneath the perichondrium on the outer surface of the cartilage causing it to grow in width

Question 26

What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue? a) Osteon b) Stroma c) Lamellae d) Chromosome e) Lacunae

Answer 26

a) Osteon

Question 27

Spongy bone tissue lacks a) lamellae. b) lacunae. c) osteocytes. d) haversian canals. e) canaliculi.

Answer 27

d) haversian canals.

Question 28

Match the matrix with the correct connective tissue. Blood: [dropdown 1] Cartilage: [dropdown 2] Dense regular: [dropdown 3] Dropdown choices: chondroitin sulfate collagen plasma

Answer 28

Answer 1: plasma Answer 2: chondroitin sulfate Answer 3: collagen

Question 29

Which membrane lines freely moveable joints? a) Mucous membrane b) Serous membrane c) Cutaneous membrane d) Synovial membrane

Answer 29

d) Synovial membrane

Question 30

Which membrane reduces friction between organs? a) Cutaneous membrane b) Serous membrane c) Mucous membrane d) Basement membrane e) Synovial membrane

Answer 30

b) Serous membrane

Question 31

Immature, undifferentiated cells that can divide to replace lost or damaged cells are called a) stem cells. b) parenchymal cells. c) fibroblast cells d) granulocytes. e) agranulocytes.

Answer 31

a) stem cells.

Question 32

Briefly describe the four parts of an osteon and compare it to trabeculae.

Answer 32

Each osteon includes lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi and a Haversian canal. The lamellae are concentric rings of matrix that consist of mineral salts and collagen fibers. Lacunae are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes. Projecting from the lacunae are canaliculi, which are networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes. Canaliculi provide routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them. A central Haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerves. Trabeculae of spongy bone have similar components but lack the haversian system. Trabeculae still contain lamellae osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi. The spaces within the trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow.

Question 33

Name and describe the types of cells commonly found in connective tissue

Answer 33

Connective tissue can contain fibroblasts, which are large, flat cells with branching projections that secrete the fibers and ground substance of the matrix. Macrophages develop from monocytes and are irregular shaped with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. Plasma cells secrete antibodies that attack or neutralize foreign substances in the body. Mast cells produce histamine that dilates small blood vessels. Adipocytes store triglycerides. White blood cells migrate from blood to connective tissue in response to certain immune system conditions.

Question 34

[ ] tissue moves food through the digestive tract? Dropdown choices: cardiac muscle skeletal muscle smooth muscle

Answer 34

smooth muscle

Question 35

muscle pumps blood through the body and is located in the wall of blood vessels? a) Skeletal muscle; smooth muscle b) Smooth muscle; cardiac muscle c) Cardiac muscle; smooth muscle d) Cardiac muscle; skeletal muscle e) Smooth muscle; smooth muscle

Answer 35

c) Cardiac muscle; smooth muscle

Question 36

Compare and contrast the functional and structural characteristics of the three types of muscle tissue.

Answer 36

Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues are striated and smooth muscle is not, hence its name. Skeletal muscle cells have more than one nucleus and are large and run parallel to each other. Cardiac muscle cells usually have only one nucleus and are branched. They also are connected to each other via gap junctions and desmosomes. This area is known as the intercalated discs. Smooth muscle cells are small spindle-shaped cells that form thick layers around the hollow organs. Like cardiac muscle cells, some smooth muscle cells communicate via gap junctions. Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled while both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue are involuntary

Question 37

Which cells are considered excitable cells because they are able to produce electrical signals? a) Neuroglial cells and muscle cells b) Muscle cells and fibroblasts c) Neuroglial cells and neurons d) Neurons and gap junctions e) Muscle cells and neurons

Answer 37

e) Muscle cells and neurons

Question 38

are abnormal joining of tissues resulting from the formation of scar tissue at a previous site of inflammation or surgical repair. a) Adhesions b) Fibrosis c) Cysts d) Granulations e) Dehiscence

Answer 38

a) Adhesions

Question 39

An individual that becomes sedentary due to an ACL operation, will experience muscle due to lack of physical activity. a) atrophy b) hyperplasia c) hypertrophy d) adhesion e) anorexia

Answer 39

a) atrophy

Question 40

Discuss how a damaged tissue is repaired.

Answer 40

In order to replace the worn-out, damaged or dead cells, new cells arise from stroma, supporting connective tissue, or the parenchyma for replacement. In some cases stem cells, which

Question 41

Discuss the difference(s) between an endocrine and an exocrine gland.

Answer 41

The secretory product (hormones) of endocrine glands enters the interstitial fluid and then diffuses into the blood without going through a duct. Exocrine glands secrete their products into ducts that empty onto the surface of a covering or the lumen of a hollow organ. Sweat, oil, earwax, saliva and digestive enzymes are typical exocrine gland secretions.

Question 42

A tissue has these characteristic: apical surface, single layer of tall narrow cells, brush border, goblet cells. What descriptors can define those characteristic? 1. Secretion 2. Absorption 3. Simple epithelium 4. Stratified epithelium 5. Squamous cells 6. Columnar cells 7. Cuboidal cells 8. Movement

Answer 42

b) 1, 2, 3, 6

Question 43

Mucous membranes consist of epithelial tissue that sits on areolar connective tissue within the lamina propria: [dropdown 1] All mucous membranes contain goblet cells: [dropdown 2] Serous membranes consist of two layers, visceral and parietal: [dropdown 3] All membranes contain epithelial tissue: [dropdown 4]

Answer 43

Answer 1: True Answer 2: False Answer 3: True Answer 4: False

Question 44

Support electrical excitable cells found in the nervous system are called a) neuroglial cells. b) neurons. c) axon. d) muscle cells. e) dendrites.

Answer 44

a) neuroglial cells.

Question 45

Electrical signals called travel along the plasma membrane of a neuron and stimulate the release of chemicals called _ that are then used to communicate with other cells. a) action potentials; neurotransmitters b) action potentials; hormones c) action potentials; cytokines d) threshold potentials; cytokines

Answer 45

a) action potentials; neurotransmitters

Question 46

Discuss the three functional classifications of exocrine glands secretions

Answer 46

The classification is based on how their secretion is released. Merocrine gland secretions are packaged into a secretary vesicle and released via exocytosis. Apocrine glands accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the cell and the upper portion of the cell pinches off from the rest of the cell to release the products. Holocrine glands accumulate their product in their cytosol and after the cell matures, ruptures and releases the product.

Question 47

An infant has a genetic disorder that affects the thermogenic gene in brown fat. What may be an outcome of this disorder? a) Difficulty absorbing nutrients from the intestines b) Difficulty regulating body temperature c) Difficulty protecting organs d) Difficulty in reserving energy e) Difficulty in repairing tissue

Answer 47

b) Difficulty regulating body temperature

Question 48

What connective tissue is replaced by bone in the epiphyseal plates? a) Elastic connective tissue b) Dense regular connective tissue c) Hyaline cartilage d) Fibrocartilage e) Dense irregular connective tissue

Answer 48

c) Hyaline cartilage

Question 49

Match the membrane with the appropriate description [dropdown 1]: lines structures that open to the outside of the body. Composed of stratified squamous, nonciliated simple columnar and ciliated pseudostratified columnar. [dropdown 2]: reduces friction but does not contain glands. Composed of simple squamous. [dropdown 3]: protects against external factors. Composed of keratinized stratified squamous. Dropdown Choices: cutaneous mucous serous

Answer 49

Answer 1: mucous Answer 2: serous Answer 3: cutaneous

Question 50

Vitamin C is needed for healthy collagen fibers. What tissue will NOT be as affected if vitamin C was absent or present in low amounts? a) Denser regular connective tissue b) Fibrocartilage tissue c) Bone tissue d) Elastic tissue e) Transitional tissue

Answer 50

e) Transitional tissue

Question 51

Fibrosis occurs if parenchymal cells repair the injury: [dropdown 1] Granulation tissue is actively growing tissue which can kill bacteria and form a framework for new epithelial tissues: [dropdown 2] Muscular tissue can proliferate very rapidly: [dropdown 3] Bone can replenish dead and damaged cells because of its ample blood supply: [dropdown 4]

Answer 51

Answer 1: False Answer 2: True Answer 3: False Answer 4: True

Question 52

Mucous membranes line many passages. Select all that apply. a) Digestive b) Respiratory c) Urinary d) Reproductive e) Auditory

Answer 52

Answer 1: a Answer 2: b Answer 3: c Answer 4: d

Question 53

An injury cuts through the skin, epithelial and connective tissue. A blood clot forms Parenchymal cells and fibroblasts form granulation tissue Epithelial tissue has a framework to migrate across Granulation tissue is replaced by new connective tissue

Question 54

Nutrients reach the epidermis by a) absorbing material applied to the surface layer of the skin. b) utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermis. c) the outer layer of the skin does not require nutrients because the external layer of cells is not living. d) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis.

Answer 54

d) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis.