chapter 9 joints

Question 1

List the three structural categories of joints and briefly describe the criteria used for structural
classification of joints.

Answer 1

The structural types of joints include: 1) fibrous joints, 2) cartilaginous joints, and 3)
synovial joints. Joints can be classified structurally based on two criteria: 1) the presence or
absence of a space between the articulating bones, called a synovial cavity and 2) the type of
connective tissue that binds the bones together.

Question 2

Which type(s) of joint(s) lack(s) a joint cavity and is(are) held together by a fibrous
connective tissue?
1. Fibrous joints
2. Cartilaginous joints
3. Synovial joints
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2
e) 1, 2, and 3

Answer 2

1. Fibrous joints

Question 3

Which type(s) of joint(s) lack(s) a synovial cavity?
1. Fibrous joints
2. Cartilaginous joints
3. Synovial joints
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 1 and 2
e) 1, 2, and 3

Answer 3

d) 1 and 2

Question 4

List the three functional classifications of joints, and briefly describe the basis for the
functional classification of joints.

Answer 4

The functional classification joint is based on the degree of movement that they allow.
The three functional classes are: 1) synarthroses, which are totally immovable, 2)
amphiarthroses, which have slight movement, and 3) diarthroses, which are freely moveable
joints.

Question 5

Which functional class(es) of joint(s) allow(s) movement?
1. Synarthrosis
2. Amphiarthrosis
3. Diarthrosis
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) Both 2 and 3
e) 1, 2, and 3

Answer 5

d) Both 2 and 3

Question 6

Dense irregular connective tissue is located in
1. syndesmosis
2. gomphosis
3. suture
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) Both 1 and 2
e) 1, 2, and 3

Answer 6

e) 1, 2, and 3

Question 7

A suture is structurally classified as [dropdown 1] and functionally classified as [dropdown 2]
in an adult.

Answer 7

Answer 1: fibrous
Answer 2: synarthrosis

Question 8

The epiphyseal plate in a growing long bone is an example of a
a) gomphosis.
b) suture.
c) symphysis.
d) synostosis.
e) synchondrosis.

Answer 8

e) synchondrosis.

Question 9

The epiphyseal plate in a growing long bone is an example of a
a) gomphosis.
b) suture.
c) symphysis.
d) synostosis.
e) synchondrosis.

Answer 9

c) symphysis.

Question 10

) The joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum can be described by which
term(s)? Select all that apply.
a) A synchondrosis
b) A synarthrosis
c) A cartilaginous joint
d) A synovial joint
e) A diarthrosis

Answer 10

a) A synchondrosis
b) A synarthrosis
c) A cartilaginous joint

Question 11

Which characteristic(s) describes all synovial joints? Select all that apply.
a) Contain a joint cavity
b) Are freely moveable
c) Articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
d) Include fibrocartilage
e) Include bursae
f) Contain a labrum
Answer 1: a
Answer 2: b
Answer 3: c

Answer 11

a) Contain a joint cavity
b) Are freely moveable
c) Articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage

Question 12

Which is made from dense regular connective tissue?
a) Ligaments
b) Articular cartilage
c) Articular fat pads
d) Synovial membrane
e) Menisci

Answer 12

a) Ligaments

Question 13

What unique characteristics would a person who is “double-jointed” possess?

Answer 13

Double-jointed people do not have extra joints. They have greater flexibility in their
articular capsules and ligaments. The resulting increase in the range of motion allows them to do
such moves as touching their thumbs to their wrists and putting their ankles or elbows behind
their necks. Unfortunately, such flexible joints are structurally less stable and are more easily
dislocated.

Question 14

Briefly describe the functions of synovial fluid.

Answer 14

Synovial fluid reduces friction, absorbs shock and supplying oxygen and nutrients to
and removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes within articular
cartilage.

Question 15

Briefly describe what is happening when a person “cracks their knuckles”

Answer 15

When the synovial cavity expands, the pressure of the synovial fluid decreases,
creating a partial vacuum. The suction draws carbon dioxide and oxygen out of the blood vessels
in the synovial membrane, forming bubbles in the fluid. When the bubbles are forced to burst, as
when the fingers are hyperflexed, the cracking or popping sound is heard as the gases are driven
back into solution.

Question 16

Which statement describes the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments? Select all that apply.
a) The ligaments are intracapsular ligaments.
b) The ligaments are part of the synovial cavity.
c) The ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue.
d) The ligaments are extracapsular ligaments.
e) The ligaments alleviate friction in the joint.
f) The ligaments are associated with the knee joint.
g) The ligaments strengthen the sides of the joint.

Answer 16

.
c) The ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue.
d) The ligaments are extracapsular ligaments.

f) The ligaments are associated with the knee joint.
g) The ligaments strengthen the sides of the joint.

Question 17

Which statement describes the function of a meniscus?
a) They are located within the knee.
b) It is composed of fibrocartilage.
c) It helps absorb shock and distributes weight.
d) It reduces friction between adjacent parts of a joint.
e) It supplies nutrients and removes wastes.

Answer 17

c) It helps absorb shock and distributes weight.

Question 18

Articular discs
1. maintain the stability of a joint.
2. direct flow of the synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction.
3. are made of hyaline cartilage.
4. are only found in the vertebral column.
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 4 only
e) 1 and 2

Answer 18

1. maintain the stability of a joint.
2. direct flow of the synovial fluid to areas of greatest friction.

Question 19

Which of the following structures is used to reduce friction in joints?
1. Bursae
2. Synovial fluid
3. Accessory ligaments
4. Labrum
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) 3 only
d) 4 only
e) 1 and 2

Answer 19

1. Bursae
2. Synovial fluid

Question 20

Gliding occurs between
a) flat bones or slightly curved bones.
b) a rounded bone and a ring.
c) an oval shaped projection and an oval shaped depression.
d) a ball like surface and a cuplike depression.
e) a convex surface and a concave surface.

Answer 20

a) flat bones or slightly curved bones.

Question 21

When a body builder flexes their biceps brachii, what motion is occurring?
a) An increased angle between articulating bones
b) A decreased angle between articulating bones
c) Movement away from midline
d) Movement in a circle
e) A superior movement

Answer 21

b) A decreased angle between articulating bones

Question 22

Bending over and touching your toes describes what movement in reference to your
intervertebral discs?
a) Flexion
b) Extension
c) Lateral flexion
d) Hyperextension
e) Rotation

Answer 22

a) Flexion

Question 23

When flexing your torso laterally, the movement occurs along what body plane?
a) Frontal
b) Transverse
c) Sagittal
d) Oblique

Answer 23

a) Frontal

Question 24

Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint is an example of which type of
movement?
a) Lateral flexion
b) Hyperextension
c) Adduction
d) Abduction
e) Gliding

Answer 24

d) Abduction

Question 25

A fast-pitch softball player releases the ball after a windmill motion. What movements occur doing the windmill motion? Select all that apply. a) Gliding b) Flexion c) Hyperextension d) Depression e) Elevation f) Abduction g) Adduction h) Rotation

Answer 25

b) Flexion f) Abduction g) Adduction h) Rotation

Question 26

To peer over a fence, the calf muscles help you stand on your toes. What movement is being performed? a) Eversion b) Flexion c) Plantar flexion d) Dorsiflexion e) Inversion

Answer 26

c) Plantar flexion

Question 27

When you cross your right arm across your body to shake an individual's left hand, what motion does the joint between your scapula and clavicle perform? a) Protraction b) Retraction c) Inversion d) Eversion e) Supination

Answer 27

a) Protraction

Question 28

Forming a fist, requires the fingers to perform what motion? a) Opposition b) Extension c) Dorsiflexion d) Flexion e) Rotation

Answer 28

d) Flexion

Question 29

When you snap your thumb against your middle and forefinger, what motion is being performed? a) Pronation b) Supination c) Eversion d) Retraction e) Opposition

Answer 29

e) Opposition

Question 30

Which structural category of a synovial joint allows movement within a single axis? Select all that apply. a) Planar b) Hinge c) Condyloid d) Suture e) Saddle f) Ball and socket

Answer 30

a) Planar b) Hinge

Question 31

The radial head articulating with the radial notch of the ulna represents what type of synovial joint? a) Pivot joint b) Planar joint c) Hinge joint d) Ball-and-socket joint e) Saddle joint

Answer 31

a) Pivot joint

Question 32

Which characteristics describe a condyloid joint? Select all that apply. a) It is located between the trapezium and metacarpal I. b) It is considered to be biaxial. c) It allows both flexion–extension and elevation-depression of the joint. d) It can be found in the wrist. e) It has limited circumduction.

Answer 32

b) It is considered to be biaxial. d) It can be found in the wrist.

Question 33

Studies have shown that ACL tears occur most frequently during the ovulatory phase in menstruating women. This example illustrates which factor affecting range of motion of a synovial joint? a) Structure of articulating bones b) Arrangement of the muscles c) Hormones d) Disuse e) Contact of soft parts

Answer 33

c) Hormones

Question 34

What movement does the forearm make when twisting a door knob back and forth? Select all that apply. a) Supination b) Retraction c) Dorsiflexion d) Pronation e) Circumduction

Answer 34

a) Supination d) Pronation

Question 35

The joint between the hamate and the capitate represent a joint. a) condyloid b) saddle c) plane d) pivot e) hinge

Answer 35

c) plane

Question 36

Describe the general effects that aging has on joints.

Answer 36

Changes in joints due to aging include: production of synovial fluid decreases; articular cartilage thins; ligaments shorten and lose flexibility; osteoarthritis develops from wear and tear; bone becomes exposed at joints, and spurs form and the synovial membrane becomes inflamed. These changes lead to decreases in the range of motion of joints.

Question 37

List and briefly describe the three common types of arthritis

Answer 37

1. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks cartilage and joint linings, causing swelling, pain, and loss of function. Bones may fuse, making them immovable. 2. Osteoarthritis results from deterioration of articular cartilage due to wear and tear. Bone spurs are often formed leading to restricted movement of the joint. 3. Gouty arthritis occurs due to deposition of uric acid crystals in soft tissues of joints, which irritates and erodes cartilage causing painful inflammation.

Question 38

Which is a degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost due to a combination of aging, obesity, wear and abrasion of the joints? a) Gouty arthritis b) Lyme disease c) Bursitis d) Osteoarthritis e) Synovitis

Answer 38

d) Osteoarthritis

Question 39

Which is an autoimmune disease that affects the joints? a) Gouty arthritis b) Lyme disease c) Arthroplasty d) Osteoarthritis e) Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 39

e) Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 40

Which diseases is characterized by sodium urate crystals being deposited in the soft tissues of joints? a) Gouty arthritis b) Lyme disease c) Ankylosing spondylitis d) Osteoarthritis e) Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 40

a) Gouty arthritis

Question 41

Which is a correct description of arthroplasty? a) Resurfacing of cartilage in a joint b) Reshaping of the ends of the bones in a joint c) Surgically replacing a joint with an artificial joint d) Injection of synovial fluid into the joint

Answer 41

c) Surgically replacing a joint with an artificial joint

Question 42

A partially torn quadriceps femoris tendon would be classified as a) bursitis. b) a sprain. c) a strain. d) a dislocation. e) an arthrosis.

Answer 42

c) a strain.

Question 43

Hyperflexion occurs when the femur is displaced anteriorly and the tibia is displaced posteriorly. Which ligament should help prevent this movement? a) Fibular collateral ligament b) Anterior cruciate ligament c) Posterior cruciate ligament d) Patellar ligament e) Arcuate popliteal ligament

Answer 43

c) Posterior cruciate ligament

Question 44

The maxillae bones usually completely fuse into one bone before birth. This joint is known as a a) synchondrosis. b) syndesmosis. c) symphysis. d) diarthrosis. e) synostosis.

Answer 44

e) synostosis.

Question 45

Bursae are saclike structures that are commonly found between bone and a) skin. b) muscle. c) ligaments. d) tendons. e) all the other answer selections.

Answer 45

e) all the other answer selections.

Question 46

The hormone relaxin stimulates changes that lead to increased range of motion in the a) shoulder joint. b) pubic symphysis. c) temporomandibular joint d) knee joint. e) coronal suture.

Answer 46

b) pubic symphysis.

Question 47

When the knee is flexed, the posterior cruciate ligament is loose and the anterior cruciate ligament is taut. This example illustrates which factor affecting the range of motion at a synovial joint? a) Structure of the articulating bones b) Strength and tension of the joint ligaments c) Disuse d) Contact of soft parts e) Hormones.

Answer 47

b) Strength and tension of the joint ligaments

Question 48

Which feature(s) of ball and socket joints are composed of fibrocartilage? Select all that apply. a) Menisci b) Labrums c) Ligaments d) Tendons e) Articular cartilage

Answer 48

a) Menisci b) Labrums

Question 49

Explain why the shoulder joint is both more mobile and weaker than the hip joint

Answer 49

: The shoulder joint has a shallow socket (the glenoid fossa) into which the head of the humerus fits, and the labrum only slightly deepens the socket. The head of the humerus is larger in relation to the socket. It is deepened by a number of ligaments, but because of its structure, tends to be weaker than the hip joint. It is highly movable and can rotate easily. The hip joint has a deeper socket (acetabulum) into which the head of the femur inserts, and is also strengthened by ligaments. Because of the angle at which the femur fits into its socket, along with the depth of the socket, the hip is a stronger, less mobile joint, made to support the weight of the body.

Question 50

Bending over and touching your toes describes what functional movement in reference to your intervertebral discs? a) Synarthrosis b) Amphiarthrosis c) Diarthrosis

Answer 50

c) Diarthrosis