P3 Chapter 20 THE HEART Flashcards by Christie AA

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of flow of an electrical impulse through the heart?

a. AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers, SA node
b. SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle
c. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers
d. AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV bundle

c. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

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The cardiac cycle is regulated by the

a. cerebrum
b. thalamus
c. spinal cord
d. medulla oblongata

d. medulla oblongata

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The T wave on an EKG is due to

a. atrial depolarization
b. ventricular depolarization
c. atrial repolarization
d. ventricular repolarization

d. ventricular repolarization

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Internally, the right and left halves of the heart are separated by the

a. pulmonary semilunar valve
b. atrioventricular valve
c. papillary muscles
d. interatrial and interventricular septa

d. interatrial and interventricular septa

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Tension in the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles during ventricular systole prevent

a. contraction of the atria
b. blood flow into the great arteries
c. eversion of the AV valves
d. closing of the valves

c. eversion of the AV valves

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The sinoatrial node

a. clsontains cells which spontaneously and rhythmically generate action potentia
b. is connected to the AV node by way of Purkinje fibers
c. transmits impulses directly to the ventricular myocardium
d. is the only normal pathway for impulse conduction from the pacemaker to the ventricles

a. clsontains cells which spontaneously and rhythmically generate action potentia

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The closing of the semilunar valves

a. directs blood flow into the atria
b. produces the second heart sound
c. corresponds with atrial systole
d. produces the EKG P wave

b. produces the second heart sound

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Veins in the myocardium drain into the

a. posterior ventricular artery
b. coronary sinus
c. marginal artery
d. anterior interventricular artery

b. coronary sinus

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When the ventricles relax

a. the semilunar valves close
b. the EKG shows a QRS spike
c. blood is forced into the ventricles
d. coronary circulation slows

a. the semilunar valves close

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The right atrium receives blood directly from 3 vessels. They are the

a. superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and left internal jugular vein
b. superior vena cava, coronary sinus, and left internal jugular vein
c. superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
d. microglia

c. superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

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The left ventricle refills with blood in preparation for initiation of the next cardiac cycle during ventricular

a. systole
b. contraction
c. repolarization
d. diastole

d. diastole

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Asynchronous, haphazard, ventricular contractions are characteristic of

a. interventricular septal defect
b. coarctation of the aorta
c. ventricular fibrillation
d. Tetralogy of Fallot

c. ventricular fibrillation

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Release of norepinephrine from nerve fibers causes

a. decreased heart rate and force of contraction
b. increased heart rate but decreased force of contraction
c. increased heart rate and force of contraction
d. decreased heart rate but increased force of contraction

c. increased heart rate and force of contraction

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The first heart sound is associated with

a. both semilunar valves closing during ventricular diastole
b. pulmonary semilunar and tricuspid valves closing during ventricular diastole
c. both atrioventricular valves closing during ventricular systole
d. aortic semilunar and bicuspid valves closing during ventricular systole

c. both atrioventricular valves closing during ventricular systole

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Which of the following represents the correct pathway of blood moving from the superior vena cava to the lungs?

a. pulmonary semilunar valve, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle
b. right atrium, pulmonary semilunar valve, right ventricle, tricuspid valve
c. right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve
d. occurs only on myelinated fibers

c. right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve

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Nerve impulses that reach the heart by means of the vagus nerve are

a. parasympathetic and cause increased heart rate
b. parasympathetic and cause decreased heart rate
c. sympathetic and cause increased heart rate
d. sympathetic and cause decreased heart rate

b. parasympathetic and cause decreased heart rate

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During repolarization of a cardiac muscle fiber

a. both Na+ and K+ move out of the cell
b. both Na+ and K+ move into the cell
c. K+ moves out of the cell
d. K+ moves into the cell

c. K+ moves out of the cell

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The atrioventricular node

a. connects the bundle of His with the Purkinje fibers
b. is located in the interatrial septum
c. connects to the atrial syncytium by Purkinje fibers
d. is near the opening of the IVC, just below the epicardium of the left atrium

b. is located in the interatrial septum

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Most of the heart lies

a. to the left of midline of the thoracic cavity
b. to the right of midline of the thoracic cavity
c. in the center of the thoracic cavity
d. with apex pointing toward the sternoclavicular joint

a. to the left of midline of the thoracic cavity

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Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the _____ valve

a. tricuspid
b. aortic semilunar
c. pulmonary semilunar
d. bicuspid

a. tricuspid

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What is the cardiac output of a patient with a stroke volume of 70 mL/ventricular contraction whose pulse is 90 beats/minute?

a. 70 mL/minute
b. 90 beats/minute
c. 160 mL/minute
d. 6300 mL/minute

d. 6300 mL/minute

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The cardiac impulse spreads into the mass of the ventricular muscle tissue from the

a. junctional fibers
b. conduction myofibers
c. the atrioventricular bundle
d. bundle branches

b. conduction myofibers

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Within the heart, there is a delay in impulse transmission at the ____ in order to allow time for ________

a. SA node, atrial contraction
b. atrial syncytium, AV valve opening
c. AV node, ventricular filling
d. Purkinje fibers, SL valve closure

c. AV node, ventricular filling

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Immediately prior to ventricular systole, pressure in the aorta is about

a. 2 mm Hg
b. 20 mm Hg
c. 80 mm Hg
d. 120 mm Hg

c. 80 mm Hg

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The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that a. the volume of blood that enters the heart during diastole directly affects the force of contraction at systole b. a reduction in body temperature results in lowered heart rate c. each period of systole must be followed by an equal period of diastole d. the presence of positive inotropic substances increases myocardial contractility

a. the volume of blood that enters the heart during diastole directly affects the force of contraction at systole

Which of the following occurs during that portion of the EKG designated as the P wave? a. high pressure in the ventricles opens the A-V valves b. high pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk open the A-V valves c. atrial myocardium depolarizes d. the ventricles repolarize

c. atrial myocardium depolarizes

The folds on the internal surface of the heart are called the a. desmosomes b. trabeculae carneae c. fossa ovalis d. ligamenta arteriosa

b. trabeculae carneae

The outer layer of the heart, called the epidardium, is also the a. inner visceral layer of the pericardium b. parietal layer of the pericardium c. fibrous pericardium d. muscular wall of the heart

a. inner visceral layer of the pericardium

The heart muscle can remain alive if it receives as little as ______ of its normal blood supply, but the person may have no ability to engage in activities a. 5 percent b. 10 - 15 percent c. 30 percent d. 50 percent

b. 10 - 15 percent

When the left ventricle fails, blood backs up in the lungs, causing a. fibrillation b. rheumatic fever c. heart murmurs d. pulmonary edema

d. pulmonary edema

During exercise, increased muscle contraction helps return more blood to the heart. This would lead to a. increased heart rate b. decreased heart rate c. increased stroke volume d. decreased stroke volume

c. increased stroke volume

The plateau phase of depolarization of muscle fibers in the ventricles of the heart extends from a. the P wave to the T wave of the ECG b. the QRS to the T wave of the ECG c. heart sound S2 to heart sound S1 d. heart sound S1 to heart sound S3

b. the QRS to the T wave of the ECG

Which of the following is a benefit of regular aerobic traning? a. increased maximal cardiac output during strenuous exercise b. decreased cardiac output at rest c. decreased stroke volume at rest d. decreased size but increased efficiency of the heart

a. increased maximal cardiac output during strenuous exercise

Embryologically, the heart is a derivative of the a. ectoderm b. mesoderm c. endoderm d. placenta

b. mesoderm

Which type of lipoprotein contributes most to atherosclerosis? a. very-low density lipoproteins b. low-density lipoproteins c. high-density lipoproteins d. very high-density lipoproteins

b. low-density lipoproteins

Which of the following terms identifies the anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm? a) Epicardium b) Abdominal cavity c) Pericardium d) Mediastinum e) Thoracic cavity

d) Mediastinum

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the a) pericardium . b) pleura. c) myocardium. d) mediastinum. e) endocardium.

a) pericardium.

The apex of the heart is normally pointed a) at the midline. b) to the left of the midline. c) to the right of the midline. d) is different for males and females e) posteriorly.

b) to the left of the midline.

The outermost layer of the pericardium, which consists of inelastic dense irregular connective tissue, is called the a) parietal layer of pericardium. b) serous pericardium. c) fibrous pericardium. d) epicardium. e) endocardium.

c) fibrous pericardium.

) Which of the following is used to reduce friction between the layers of membranes surrounding the heart? a) Synovial fluid b) Endocardium c) Pleural fluid d) Pericardial fluid e) Capillary endothelium

d) Pericardial fluid

Which layer of the heart wall consists of mesothelium and connective tissue? a) Epicardium b) Myocardium c) Endocardium d) Fibrous pericardium e) None of the answer selections are correct

a) Epicardium

Which layer of the heart wall consists of cardiac muscle tissue? a) Epicardium b) Pericardium c) Myocardium d) Endocardium e) Hypocardium

c) Myocardium

Identify the pouch-like structure that increases the total filling capacity of the atrium. a) Ventricle b) Coronary sulcus c) Fossa ovalis d) Interatrial septum e) Auricle.

e) Auricle.

Identify the groove found on the surface of the heart and marks the boundary between the right and left ventricles. a) Coronary sulcus b) Anterior interventricular sulcus c) Posterior interventricular sulcus d) Coronary sinus e) Anterior intraventricular sulcus

b) Anterior interventricular sulcus

Identify the muscular ridges that are found on the anterior wall of the right atrium and extend into the auricles. a) Pectinate muscles b) Trabeculae carneae c) Coronary sulci d) Papillary muscles e) Chordae tendinae

a) Pectinate muscles

Through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle? a) Bicuspid valve b) Interventricular septum c) Tricuspid valve d) Mitral valve e) Ascending aorta

c) Tricuspid valve

What type of tissue comprises the valves of the heart? a) Dense connective tissue b) Areolar connective tissue c) Hyaline cartilage d) Cardiac muscle tissue e) Adipose tissue

a) Dense connective tissue

Blood leaving the left ventricle passes through which of the following structures? a) Right atrium b) Interventricular septum c) Bicuspid valve d) Aortic semilunar valve e) Pulmonary semilunar valve

d) Aortic semilunar valve

Identify the structure found in a fetus that allows blood to flow directly from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta. a) Fossa ovalis b) Foramen ovale c) Trabeculae carneae d) Descending aorta e) Ductus arteriosus

e) Ductus arteriosus

Contraction of the ventricles of the heart leads to blood moving directly a) into arteries. b) into capillaries. c) into veins. d) through an atrioventricular valve. e) through the apex.

a) into arteries.

Contraction of the atria of the heart leads to blood moving directly a) into auricles. b) into arteries. c) into veins d) through atrioventricular valves e) through semilunar valves.

d) through atrioventricular valves

Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle? a) Tricuspid valve b) Bicuspid valve c) Pulmonary semilunar valve d) Aortic semilunar valve e) Mitral valve

c) Pulmonary semilunar valve

What of the following chambers of the heart contain deoxygenated blood? a) Left atrium and left ventricle b) Left atrium only c) Right atrium and right ventricle d) Right ventricle only e) Left atrium and right ventricle

c) Right atrium and right ventricle

Which of the following blood vessel is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium? a) Coronary artery b) Coronary vein c) Coronary sinus d) Vena cava e) Myocardial vein

a) Coronary artery

Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically connected to neighboring fibers by a) desmosomes. b) tight junctions. c) gap junctions. d) interneurons. e) chordae tendinae.

c) gap junctions.

Which of the following type of muscle contains the largest number of mitochondria per cell? a) Smooth muscle b) Skeletal muscle c) Cardiac muscle d) All the muscle types contain approximately the same number. e) Mitochondria are not found in muscle cells.

c) Cardiac muscle

Which network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart? a) Systemic circuit b) Intercalated discs c) Cardiovascular center d) Cardiac conduction system e) Pulmonary circuit

d) Cardiac conduction system

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart? a) Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, Atrioventricular (AV) node b) Sinoatrial (SA) node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, Bundle of His c) Purkinje fibers, AV node, SA node, Bundle of His d) SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers e) Bundle of His, SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers

d) SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

In comparison to skeletal muscle fibers, the contractile fibers of the heart are depolarized for _____ period of time. a) a shorter b) a longer c) the same

b) a longer

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the a) cardiac output. b) cardiac input. c) stroke volume. d) heart rate. e) pulse pressure.

a) cardiac output.

Which term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction of a chamber occurs and pressure within the chamber rises? a) filling b) systole c) repolarization d) diastole e) fibrillation

b) systole

During which of following periods does the largest volume of blood enter the arteries? a) atrial diastole b) ventricular diastole c) atrial systole d) ventricular systole

d) ventricular systole

The second heart sound (dupp) closely follows which of the events listed below? a) Valvular stenosis b) Semilunar valves opening c) Atrioventricular valves closing d) Semilunar valves closing e) Atrioventricular valves opening

d) Semilunar valves closing

Which structure in the heart initiates action potentials that stimulate contraction of the heart at constant rate of about 100 beats per minute? a) Cardiac accelerator nerves b) Atrioventricular node c) Cardiovascular center d) Sinoatrial node e) Bundle of His

d) Sinoatrial node

Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate? a) Cardiac accelerator nerve b) Hypoglossal nerve c) Spinal accessory d) Vagus nerve e) Phrenic nerve

d) Vagus nerve

Which of the following would lead to a decreased heart rate? a) Increased norepinephrine release b) Increased thyroid hormone release c) Increased potassium levels in plasma d) Increased calcium levels in plasma e) Increased sympathetic stimulation

c) Increased potassium levels in plasma

Which part of the brain contains the cardiovascular center that regulates heart rate? a) Midbrain b) Cerebrum c) Medulla oblongata d) Cerebellum e) Thalamus

c) Medulla oblongata

Which wave in an electrocardiogram represents repolarization of the ventricles? a) R wave b) T wave c) S wave d) P wave e) Q wave

b) T wave

Which of the following selections lists conditions that would lead to increased stroke volume? a) increased preload, increased afterload, increased contractility b) decreased preload, decreased afterload, decreased contractility c) increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility d) decreased preload, increased afterload, increased contractility e) increased preload, increased afterload, decreased contractility

c) increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility

Which of the following electrocardiogram (EKG) waves represents atrial depolarization? a) R wave b) T wave c) S wave d) P wave e) Q wave

d) P wave

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected from the _____ ventricle into the _____ each minute. a) left, aorta b) right, aorta c) left or right, aorta or pulmonary trunk d) right, pulmonary trunk e) both left and right aorta are correct

c) left or right, aorta or pulmonary trunk

The difference between a person’s maximum cardiac output and resting cardiac output is called the a) stroke volume. b) peripheral resistance. c) afterload. d) cardiac reserve. e) venous return.

d) cardiac reserve.

What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal life? a) Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium. b) Allowing blood to flow directly from the right ventricle into the left ventricle. c) Serves as a valve in the vena cava to regulate venous blood flow. d) Prevents back flow of blood from aorta into the left ventricle. e) Prevents back flow of blood from pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle.

a) Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium.

Isovolumetric contraction is the phase of the cardiac cardiac cycle in which a) the semilunar valves are open. b) ventricular repolarization occurs. c) atrial depolarization occurs . d) oxygenated blood leaves the heart into the systemic circulation . e) ventricular pressure increases and ventricular volume remains the same.

e) ventricular pressure increases and ventricular volume remains the same.

Which of the following chambers of the heart is surrounded by the thickest layer of myocardium? a) right atrium b) left atrium c) right ventricle d) left ventricle e) right auricle

d) left ventricle

Heart murmurs are often heard in individuals with abnormalities in the _____ of the heart. a) valves b) myocardium c) SA node d) AV node e) endocardium

a) valves

In comparison to a sedentary individual, a well-trained athlete will usually have all the following characteristics EXCEPT a) a higher cardiac reserve . b) a higher resting cardiac output. c) a higher stroke volume. d) hypertrophy of the heart. e) resting bradycardia.

b) a higher resting cardiac output.

During heart transplants, the _____ nerves are severed resulting in a faster resting heart rate (approximately 100 beats per minute) after the transplant. a) glossopharyngeal b) cardiac accelerator c) vagus d) phrenic e) cervical spinal

c) vagus

A corrective cardiac procedure in which a large piece of a patient’s own latissimus dorsi muscle is wrapped around the heart and stimulated by an implanted pacemaker to assist the pumping action of a damaged heart. a) myocardial infarction b) tetrology of Fallot c) cardiomyopathy d) cardiomegaly e) cardiomyoplasty

e) cardiomyoplasty

Define arrhythmia and discuss different categories of arrhythmias.

The term arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal rhythm as a result of a defect in the conduction system of the heart. Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origination of the problem. Bradycardia refers to a slow heart rate (blow 50 bpm); tachycardia refers to a rapid heart rate (over 100 bpm); and fibrillation refers to rapid, uncoordinated heartbeats. Arrhythmias that originate in the atria are called supraventricular or atrial arrhythmias; those that originate in the ventricles are called ventricular arrhythmias.

Discuss the common nutrient sources used by cardiac muscle to produce ATP in a resting individual.

At rest, the heart relies exclusively on aerobic cellular respiration. At rest, the heart’s ATP comes mainly from oxidation of fatty acids (60%), and glucose (35%) with smaller contributions from lactic acid, amino acids, and ketone bodies.

Why is the myocardium of the left ventricle thicker than the myocardium of the right ventricle?

The left ventricle muscular wall is thicker than the right ventricle because it has to generate higher pressure to overcome the greater resistance of the longer systemic circulation route versus the shorter pulmonary circulation route.

Explain how the heart pumps blood into two separate closed circuits that are arranged in series.

The two circuits are the pulmonary and systemic circuits.Venous blood from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium. The blood moves from the right atrium into the right ventricle of the heart, which pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit eventually filling the left atrium. The blood moves from the left atrium into the left ventricle of the heart, which pumps blood through the systemic circuit back into the right atrium.

Briefly describe why cardiac tissue cannot repair itself after damage?

Cardiac muscle lacks stem cells and mature cardiac muscle fibers cannot go through mitosis.

Which portion of the heart wall is responsible for the pumping action? a) E b) F c) G d) H e) I

e) I

In the diagram, where are the trabeculae carneae? a) D b) E c) F d) G e) H

d) G

) In the diagram, where is the left auricle of the left atrium? a) C b) F c) G d) H e) I

c) G

) In the diagram, which labeled structure prevents blood flow from the right ventricle back into the right atrium? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b) B

In the diagram, which labeled structure is the pulmonary semilunar valve? a) B b) D c) E d) A e) None of these choices

d) A

In the diagram, which labeled structures are atrioventricular valves? a) B only b) D only c) A and C d) B and D e) A, B, C and D

d) B and D

Describe what is happening during the phase of the cardiac action potential labeled 2 in the diagram. .

Phase 2 is the plateau phase which occurs due to opening of slow voltage-gated calcium channels, which allow continued inflow of Ca2+ from ICF into the cytosol. This continuous inflow of Ca+2 causes sustained depolarization of the cardiac muscle cells.

Briefly describe what is happening at stage of the ECG labeled 5 in the diagram.

The contractile fibers of the ventricles are repolarizing, which generates the T wave in the ECG

Which phases of a heartbeat shown in the diagram involve repolarization of the heart’s four chambers? a) 1 and 4 b) 2 and 4 c) 4 and 6 d) 1, 3, and 5 e) 1, 2, 4 and 6 f) 3 and 5

f) 3 and 5

Which of the labeled diagrams shows coarctation of the aorta? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

a) A

Which of the labeled diagrams shows an atrial septal defect? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

c) C

) Which blood vessel shown in the figure carries oxygenated blood to the lower thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity of the body? a) A b) B c) E d) F e) H

d) F

Which labeled structure shown in the diagram is a remnant of fetal circulation that is not directly involved in adult circulation? a) A b) B c) H d) D e) E

d) D

Which labeled blood vessel in the diagram is an artery carrying deoxygenated blood? a) A b) B c) C d) E e) I

d) E

Which labeled blood vessel shown in the diagram is the left common carotid artery? a) A b) B c) E d) F e) H

a) A

Which labeled structure shown in the diagram is a pouch-like extension that serves to slightly increase the capacity of an atrium? a) F b) E c) G d) I e) D

c) G

What labeled structure in the figure is the ligamentum arteriosum? a) A b) B c) C d) D

d) D

What labeled structure in the figure increases the blood volume capacity of an atrium? a) B b) G c) D d) F

b) G

Which structure in the figure is labeled B? a) left common carotid artery b) left subclavian artery c) left pulmonary vein d) mitral valve

b) left subclavian artery

Which structure in the figure is labeled A? a) left common carotid artery b) left subclavian artery c) left pulmonary vein d) mitral valve

a) left common carotid artery

Which labeled structure in the figure acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

a) A

Which labeled structure in the figure is the AV node? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

b) B

Which labeled structure in the figure represents the only potential pathway for conducting action potentials from the atria to the ventricles? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

c) C

Which labeled structure in the figure carries the cardiac action potential directly into the contractile fibers of the ventricular myocardium? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

e) E

P3 Chapter 20 THE HEART Flashcards

(108 cards)