Chapter 4 Vocab Part 2 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Imprinting
The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
Critical Period
An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.
Basic Trust
According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
Self-concept
A sense of one’s identity and personal worth.
Authoritarian Parents
Parents that impose rules and expect obedience.
Permissive Parents
Parents that submit to their children’s desires, make few demands, and use little punishment.
Authoritative Parents
Parents that are both demanding and responsive. They exert control not only by setting rules and enforcing them but also by explaining the reasons and, especially with older children, encouraging open discussion and allowing exceptions when making the rules.
Adolescence
The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
Puberty
The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
Primary Sex Traits
The body structures (ovaries, testies, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.
Secondary Sex Traits
Non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Described the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong.
Preconventional Morality
Before age 9, most children have a preconventional morality of self-interest: they obey either to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.
Conventional Morality
By early adolescence, morality usually evolves to a more conventional level that cares for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are the laws and rules.
Postconventional Morality
Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows what one personally perceives as basic ethic principles.
Menarche
The first menstrual period.
Erik Erikson
Theorist that contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution.
Identity
One’s sense of self: according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
Intimacy
In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
Menopause
The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
Alzheimer’s Disease
A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physical functioning.
Cross-sectional Study
A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.
Longitudinal Study
Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
Crystallized Intelligence
One’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
