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PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I > Chapter 4.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 4.2 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Light

A

-a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave

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2
Q

Amplitude

A

-affects the perception of brightness

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3
Q

Wavelength

A

-affects the perception of colour (hue)

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4
Q

Purity

A

-influences perception of the saturation/richness of colour

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5
Q

Additive Colour Mixing

A

-mixing the red, green, blue hues to produce any colour
-white light produced from mixing equal amounts of red, green, blue

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6
Q

Subtractive Colour Mixing

A

-mixing pigmented like paint or ink

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7
Q

Colour

A

-wavelengths of light are reflected and the wavelengths create a pattern of firing in photoreceptors
-the different wavelengths are interpreted by the brain as colours

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8
Q

Pupil

A

-circular hole through which light enters the eye

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9
Q

Pupillary Reflec

A

-response to light that allows light to enter in lesser amounts

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10
Q

Cornea

A

-part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retina
-80% of eyes focusing power
-fixed in place

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11
Q

Lens

A

-part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus
-other 20% of focusing power
-flexible, adjusts to focus light

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12
Q

Accommodation

A

-changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far
-ciliary muscles change curvature of lens

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13
Q

Myopia

A

-nearsightedness
-see close objects clearly
-results when images are focused in front of the retina
-cornea too steep or eye too long
-most common need for glasses in adults

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14
Q

Hyperopia

A

-farsightedness
-can’t see objects close
-image is focused behind retina
-cornea is too flat or eye
is too short

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15
Q

Presbyopia

A

-loss of flexibility in the lens due to aging

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16
Q

Close Object

A

-lens gets rounder

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17
Q

Distant Object

A

-lens get flatter

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18
Q

Near Point

A

-the limits of accommodation
-the point at which the lens can no longer adjust
-image stays blurry

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19
Q

Retina

A

-membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activity

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20
Q

Fovea

A

-central portion of the retina
-responsible for acuity
-have no rods but many cones

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21
Q

Acuity

A

-sharpness of vision

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22
Q

Photoreceptors

A

-line the retina
-process info and send it to the brain

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23
Q

Rods

A

-receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light
-also peripheral vision
-more plentiful
-long and narrow
-allow us to see basic shapes and colours

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24
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

-time in dark before rods regain maximum light sensitivity

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25
Cones
-receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in colour -less numerous
26
Photopigments
-chemicals that change following exposure to light
27
Why are there more rods?
-they cover more space along the retina
28
Rhodopsin
-photopigment in rods -vitamin A used to make
29
Optic Nerve
-nerve that travels from the retina to the brain
30
Blind Spot
-region of the retina containing no rods -completely devoid of sense receptors
31
Simple Cells
-cells in the visual cortex -"yes-no" responses to slits of a specific orientation
32
Complex Cells
-cells in the visual cortex -orientation specific -responses are less specific to one location
33
Feature Detection
-cell that detects lines and edges
34
Trichromatic Theory
-idea that colour vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colours (red, green, blue)
35
Colour Blindness
-can't see all colours -usually due to absence of one or more types of cones-explained by trichromatic theory
36
Trichromats
-normal humans -have all 3 kinds of cones
37
Dichromats
-only see 2 kinds of cones -normal for some species -considered colourblindness in others
38
Monochromats
-only see one kind of cone -no colour vision
39
Opponent Process Theory
-theory that we perceive colours in terms of three pairs of opponent colours -blue and yellow and red and green -explains afterimages
40
Afterimages
-when you look at a colour for too long and look away, you may see the same image in a different colour -not explained by trichromatic theory
41
Dual-Process Theory
-both trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory explain colour vision
42
Shape and Contour
-Hubel and Weisel in the 1960's found other cells that fire to certain patterns
43
Visual Agnosia
-deficit in perceiving objects -can tell shape and colour but not recognize or name the object
44
Audition
-our sense of hearing
45
Sound
-a vibration/mechanical wave that travels through a medium (usually air) -no sound in a vacuum (space)
46
Frequency (Pitch)
-corresponds to the frequency of the wave -rate at which waves vibrate -higher frequency = higher pitch -measured in Hz
47
Amplitude (Loudness)
-the intensity of the sounds -measured in dB
48
Complexity (Timbre)
-sounds are a mixture of frequencies -the quality or complexity of a sound -info about the nature of a sound
49
Perceived loudness ________ about every 6-10dB
doubles
50
Pinna
-part of the ear we see -skin and cartilage flap -funnels sound waves to the eardrum
50
Ossicles
-3 tiny bones that amplify the force of the sound waves on the eardrum
51
Cochlea
-in the inner ear -converts vibration into neural energy -filled with fluid
52
Organ of Corti
-tissue containing hair cells that are necessary for hearing
53
Basilar Membrane
-membrane supporting the organ of corti and hair cells in the cochlea
54
Pitch Perception
-processed by primary auditory cortex
55
Hair cells at the base of the basilar membrane are most excited by ____-pitched tones
high
56
Hair cells at the top of the basilar membrane are most excited by ____-pitched tones
low
57
Place Theory
-a specific place along the basilar membrane matches a tone with a specific pitch
58
Frequency Theory
-rate at which neurons fire the action potentials affect perception of pitch -works for tones up to 100Hz -Volley theory for higher pitches
59
Conductive Deafness
-due to malfunctioning of the ear -esp. failure of eardrum or ossicles
60
Nerve Deafness
-due to damage of the auditory nerve
61
Hearing loss can be A)___ or B)___
-noise-induced -age-related (presbycusis)
62
Olfaction
-our sense of smell -chemical sense
63
Gustation
-our sense of taste -chemical sense -gustatory receptors are clusters of taste cells found in taste buds
64
Papillae
-bumps on the tongue that contain many taste buds -for 5 flavours: bitter, sweet, salty, sour, umami (meaty/savoury)
65
Taste Perception
-depends on complex patterns of neural activity -preferences are innate and automatically regulated, but usually learned
66
Gustatory Cortex
-taste related area in the brain -also reach somatosensory cortex (texture) and limbic system
67
Taste Variations
-people are variably sensitive to taste -not everyone has the same experience
68
Smell Perception
-receptors are olfactory cilia -located in upper portion of nasal passages -experiences guide our perceptions
69
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
-chemical stimuli that are carried in the air
70
Pheromones
-odourless chemical that serves as a social signal to members of one's species -may be signals for mating, menstruation
71
Flavour
-the combination of taste and smell
72
Somatosensory System
-responsible for the sensation of touch, temperature, and pain
73
Nociception
-perception of pain and temperature
74
Hapsis
-perception of objects using touch and pressure
75
Proprioception
-knowledge of the position of your limbs in space
76
Balance
-controlled by the vestibular system in the inner ear
77
The Skin
-largest organ in the body -contains receptors for pain and touch -important role in defense
78
Epidermis
-outermost layer of the skin -dead skin cells
79
Dermis
-below the epidermis
80
Subcutaneous Layer
-layer below the dermis
81
Referred Pain
-damage to internal organs causes pain in other locations
82
Mechanoreceptors
-touch, pressure, temp receptors -specialized nerve endings in the skin -distributed unevenly across skin
83
Free Nerve Endings
-similar to mechanoreceptors -used lots for pain
84
Touch and Pain Perception
-info about the stimuli travels in somatic nerves then spinal cord -touch travels faster than pain -activate spinal reflex before traveling to brain
85
Nociceptive Pain
-pain caused by activation in the free nerve endings in skin
86
Inflammatory Pain
-pain caused by damage to tissues and inflammation of joints or by tumour cells
87
Neuropathic Pain
-pain caused by lesions or other damage to the nervous system
88
Fast Pathway (A-delta)
-myelinated -respond to pressure -sensation of sharp, localized, fast pain
89
Slow Pathway (C fibre)
-unmyelinated -dull, diffuse, aching, burning, delayed pain
90
Gate Control Model
-idea that pain is blocked from consciousness by neural mechanisms in the spinal cord
91
Proprioception
-our sense of body position -sense muscle stretch and force
92
Vestibular System
-sense of equilibrium or balance -also in inner ear
93
Semicircular Canals
-three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear -responsible for sense of balance

PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I (12 decks)

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