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PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

Learning

A

change in an organism’s behaviour or thought as a result of experience

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2
Q

Habituation

A

-process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
-a highly adaptive process
-reduces focus on “safe” things

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3
Q

Sensitization

A

-responding more strongly over time, from repeated stimulus presentation
-occurs during dangerous and irritating stimuli
-ie. people whispering while you’re trying to study

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4
Q

Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning

A

form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

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5
Q

What did Pavlov find?

A

-studied digestion in dogs
-dogs salivated not only in the presence of food, but also those who fed them and their footsteps
-the dogs anticipated the arrival of food

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6
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A

-stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning
-reflexive
-ie. meat powder

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7
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A

-automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned
-response to UCS
-ie. salivation (nature)

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8
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

-a stimulus that does not naturally or normally elicit a response
-ie. metronome

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9
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

-a previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a response due to pairings with the UCS
-ie. what the metronome becomes

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10
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

-response elicited by the CS
-previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus, elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning
-ie. the salivating response to the metronome

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11
Q

Classical Conditioning Procedure Example

A
  1. NS and UCS to get a UCR (x1)
  2. NS = no response
  3. NS then UCS get a UCR (x40)
  4. CS gets a CR
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12
Q

Acquisition

A

-learning phase during which a conditioned response is established
-CS grows in strength when repeated (= learning!)

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13
Q

The closer in time the CS and UCS are paired, the ______ learning occurs.

A

faster

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14
Q

Asymptote

A

-when the CR occurs with every presentation of the CS
-CR is in similar magnitude to the UCR
-no further learning occurs

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15
Q

Extinction

A

-gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the CR after the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS present

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16
Q

Extinction Example

A

-the metronome is played without meat powder
-dogs stopped salivating to the sound of the NS

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17
Q

Extinction is an _______ process

A

active

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18
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

-sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay after extinction
-usually a weaker response

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19
Q

Renewal Effect

A

-sudden reemergence of a conditioned response
-following the extinction, when the subject is returned to the environment where the CR occurred

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20
Q

What does the renewal effect help explain?

A

-phobias

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21
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

-process by which conditioned stimuli that are similar, but not identical, elicit a conditioned response
-magnitude depends on similarity

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22
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

-process by which a less pronounced conditioned response is displayed in response to a CS that differs from the original CS
-without it we would respond similarly to everything (ie. explosion on the TV)

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23
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning

A

-developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus
-UCS not needed
-just pair a NS with a CS
-weaker response

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24
Q

Second-Order Conditioning

A

-new CS is paired with the original CS
-weaker response

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25
Applying Classical Conditioning: Advertising
-getting people to associate their product with an emotion -ie. pairing product (NS) with attractive people (UCS)
26
Latent Inhibition
-difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned experience we repeatedly experience alone (without the UCS)
27
Applying Classical Conditioning: Fetishism
-sexual attraction to non-living things -ie. pairing shoes (NS) with sex cues, like naked people (UCS) leading to sexual excitement (UCR)
28
Applying Classical Conditioning: Drug Tolerance
-people who used drugs in a particular setting developed an enhanced tolerance to the drug, in that setting
29
Conditioned Compensatory Response
-helps counteract the effects of the drugs -a CR that is the opposite of the UCR and compensates for the UCR -ie. drinking at a bar vs at home
30
Conditioned Phobias: Little Albert
-11mo baby was afraid of noise but liked white rats -shown rat and exposed to loud noise, evoked fear response -any white fur stimulus produced a fear reaction
31
Operant Conditioning
-learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behaviour -aka instrumental conditioning
32
Operants
-the behaviours produced by the animal to receive a reward -because the animal "operates" on its environment to get what it wants
33
The operant behaviour is...
-voluntary rather than automatic -a function of the consequences that follow the behaviour -depends on skeletal muscles
34
Law of Effect
-principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behaviour results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behaviour in the future
35
Who discovered the law of effect?
Edward Thorndike
36
Puzzle Box: Thorndike experiment
-hungry cats placed in the box -food placed outside -faster they got out, the faster they got food -gradual not sudden process
37
Puzzle box showed learning was _____ not through insight.
incremental
38
Insight
-grasping the underlying nature of a problem
39
Reinforcement
-any outcome that strengthens the probability of a response
40
Positive Reinforcement
-behaviour is followed by the presentation of a stimulus (a reinforcer) and the behaviour is strengthened
41
Negative Reinforcement
-behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus (usually something unpleasant) and the behaviour is strengthened
42
Skinner Box (operant chamber)
-small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviours be recorded unsupervised
43
Punishment
-outcome or consequence of a behaviour that weakens the probability of the behaviour
44
Positive Punishment
-behaviour is followed by the presentation of a stimulus (a punisher) and the behaviour is weakened
45
Negative Punishment
-behaviour is followed by the removal of a stimulus (usually a reinforced/appetitive stimulus) and the behaviour is weakened
46
"giving a gold star on homework resulting in student studying more" is an example of...
positive reinforcement
47
"static on a phone subsides when you stand in a specific spot in your room, causing you stand there more" is an example of...
negative reinforcement
48
"Scolding by a pet owner, reducing a dogs habit of chewing on shoes" is an example of...
Positive Punishment
49
"Confiscating a favourite toy, stopping a child from throwing future tantrums" is an example of...
negative punishment
50
Positive reinforcement involves _________ a stimulus and results in _______ target behaviour.
presenting, increased
51
Negative reinforcement involves _________ a stimulus and results in _______ target behaviour.
removing, increased
52
Positive punishment involves _________ a stimulus and results in _______ target behaviour.
presenting, decreased
53
Negative punishment involves _________ a stimulus and results in _______ target behaviour.
removing, decreased
54
Disadvantage of Punishment
-not as effective for altering behaviour in many cases -tells not what to do instead of what to do -creates anxiety, interferes with learning -encourages subversive behaviour -models behaviour towards others
55
Discriminative Stimulus (Sᵈ)
-stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement -ie. responding to our friends wave with going over to talk to them
56
Acquisition
-learning phase during which a conditioned or operant response is established
57
Extinction (operant conditioning)
-gradual reduction and eventual elimination of an operant response when reinforcement for that response is no longer presented
58
Spontaneous Recovery (operant conditioning)
-sudden re-emergence of an extinguished operant response after a delay following extinction
59
Stimulus Generalization (operant conditioning)
-the increased probability of responding in the presence of a stimuli similar to the original Sᵈ
60
Stimulus Discrimination (operant conditioning)
-displaying a less pronounced to stimuli that differ from the original Sᵈ
61
Schedule of Reinforcement
-the response requirement that must be met to obtain reinforcement -pattern of reinforcing a behaviour
62
Continuous Reinforcement Schedules (CRF)
-reinforcing a behaviour every time it occurs -fast learning, but labor intensive -extinction can occur quicker
63
Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule (PRF)
-only some responses are reinforced -slower learning -less labour intensive -more resistant to extinction
64
Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule
-reinforcer delivered after a fixed number of responses -pause after reinforcer delivered -moderate rate of responding
65
Variable Ratio (VR) Schedule
-pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average -no pause -number varies randomly -high rate of responding
66
Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule
-first response after a specific period of time will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer -response before interval has elapsed leads to nothing -scalloped shaped response curve
67
Variable Interval (VI) Schedule
-pattern in which we provide reinforcement for a response at least once during an average time interval -interval varies randomly -response before interval elapsed leads to nothing -no pauses
68
Ratio Schedules
require a certain number of responses to be performed before a reinforcer is delivered
69
Interval Schedules
reinforce the first behaviour after period of time has elapsed
70
Animal Training
-an application of operant conditioning -training pets or in zoos -uses a shaping technique
71
Shaping by Successive Approximation
-conditioning a target behaviour by progressively reinforcing behaviours that come closer and closer to the target
72
Overcoming Procrastination
-an application of operant conditioning -putting off work until the last minute -employs premack principle
73
Premack Principle
-can reinforce a lower-probability behaviour (studying) -uses the opportunity to engage in a higher-probability behaviour (video games)
74
Secondary Reinforcer
-neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer
75
Primary Reinforcer
-item or outcome that naturally increases the target behaviour
76
Applied Behaviour Analysis
-aba -uses shaping to help individuals with autism improve language skills
77
Two-Process Theory
-combines classical and operant conditioning -fears are acquired through an interactive process

PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I (12 decks)

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