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PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Emotions

A

mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of experiences

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2
Q

3 Components of Emotions

A

-physiological reactions
-expressive behaviours
-mental experiences

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3
Q

Evalulation

A

people perceive situations differently and thus express varying emotions

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4
Q

Emotions are ______ and shaped through ______-

A

adaptive; evolution

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5
Q

Primary Emotions

A

-core, basic emotions
-shared worldwide
-biologically and genetically conveyed

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6
Q

How many primary emotions are there?

A

7

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7
Q

Secondary Emotions

A

-combinations of primary emotions
-vary depending on culture
-not biologically conveyed

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8
Q

Discrete Emotion Theory

A

theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology

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9
Q

Distinct Motor Program

A
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10
Q

At what age do babies start to smile when they see a familiar face?

A

6 weeks

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11
Q

At what age do babies smile when they learn something new?

A

3 months

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12
Q

Do animal emotions resemble human emotions?

A

yes

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13
Q

Culture and Emotions

A

-many generate the same emotional expressions across cultures

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14
Q

Does globalization account for similar emotions across cultures?

A

-ruled out by Ekman faces

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15
Q

Ekman faces

A

-studied emotional reactions of an isolated tribe and compared with American college students
-found 7 consistent emotions

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16
Q

What are the primary emotions?

A
  1. happiness
  2. disgust
  3. fear
  4. sadness
  5. surprise
  6. contempt
  7. anger
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17
Q

Is pride a primary emotion?

A

-it has been debated (not by Ekman)
-but it not generally considered a primary

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18
Q

Examples of Secondary Emotions

A

-hatred (disgust + anger)
-jealousy (anger + sadness)

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19
Q

Display Rules

A

cross-cultural/societal guidelines for how and when to express emotions

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20
Q

Fake smile vs. Genune Smile

A

-different muscles are used

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21
Q

Duchenne Smile

A

-genuine smile
-movement of mouth and eyes

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22
Q

Pan Am SMile

A

-fake smile
-movement of mouth but not eyes

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23
Q

Cognitive Theories of Emotion

A

theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking, not a biological reaction

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24
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

proposing that emotions result from our INTERPRETATION of our bodily reactions to stimuli (afraid because we are running away)

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25
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

proposes that an emotion provoking even leads simultaneously to an emotion and bodily reaction (run away and feel fear at the same time)

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26
Q

Somatic Marker Theory

A

theory proposing that we use our “gut reactions” (automatic) to help us determine how we should act

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27
Q

Two-Factor Theory

A

proposes that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal, along with an explanation of that arousal

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28
Q

Discrete emotions theory is probably correct when saying…

A

emotions are shaped through evolution

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29
Q

Cognitive theories are probably correct in…

A

saying thinking influences our emotions

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30
Q

What is probably the correct theory?

A

-two-factor and its concept of arousal

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31
Q

Subliminal Exposure

A

-exposure below level of awareness
-positively or negatively cues influence our moods

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32
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

-repeated exposure makes us more likely to feel positive towards it
-ie. coca cola ad, misinformation (Propoganda effect)

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33
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain to alter our emotional experience

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34
Q

What might cause facial feedback theory?

A

classical conditioning

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35
Q

Nonverbal Leakage

A

unconscious spillover (give away) of emotions into nonverbal behaviour when trying to hide their feelings (facial expressions, gestures, postures, etc.)

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36
Q

Illustrators

A

gestures that highlight speech

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37
Q

Manipulators

A

gestures where one body part touches another body part (ie. crossed arms)

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38
Q

Emblems

A

gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by a culture (ie. nodding)

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39
Q

Proxemics

A

the study of personal space

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40
Q

Public Level of Distance

A

-12 feet or more
-strangers/audience

41
Q

Social Level of Distance

A

-4-12 feet
-colleagues, classmates

42
Q

Personal Level of Distance

A

-1.5-4 feet
-friends, relatives

43
Q

Intimate Level of Distance

A

-0-1.5 feet
-lovers, family

44
Q

Clues to Lying

A

-illustrators decrease
-emblems/manipulators increase

45
Q

Humans are ________ at detecting lies.

A

not good (only 55% accuracy)

46
Q

Best way to detect a lie:

A

listen to WHAT they say, not how (usually add more details to a lie)

47
Q

Polygraph Tests

A

-‘‘lie-detector’’ test
-not 99% accurate as it says
-has a problem with false positives
-measure autonomic activity (ie. heart rate)

48
Q

Pinocchio Response

A

supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying

49
Q

Controlled questions in polygraph:

A

-relevant questions
-irrelevant question
-control questions

50
Q

Guilty Knowledge Test

A

-tests for concealed knowledge of items from the crime scene using questionnaires and physiological measures

51
Q

Brain Scanning Techniques

A

-looks at brain-wave changes when lying

52
Q

Truth Serum

A

-barbiturates to relax people

53
Q

Integrity Tests

A

-questionnaires that assess tendency to steal or cheat

54
Q

Positive Psychology

A

discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths

55
Q

Broaden and Build Theory

A

says happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allows us to see the “big picture”

56
Q

Defensive Pessimism

A

strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for the expectation by mentally over-preparing for negative outcomes

57
Q

Misconception 1 of Happiness

A

happiness depends on what happens to us

58
Q

Misconception 2 of Happiness

A

money makes us happy

59
Q

Misconception 3 of Happiness

A

happiness declines in old age

60
Q

Misconception 4 of Happiness

A

people on the west coast are happiest

61
Q

Positivity Effect

A

tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age

62
Q

Examples of things associated with higher happiness:

A

-being married
-having friends
-graduating college/university
-following a religion
-people who exercise
-people who give back

63
Q

Caveats of Happiness

A

-the relationships with these variables are modest
-there is correlation but not causation

64
Q

Affective Forecasting

A

ability to predict our own and others’ happiness

65
Q

Durability Bias

A

belief that both our good and our bad moods will last longer than they do

66
Q

Hedonic Treadmill

A

tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances

67
Q

Motivation

A

psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction

68
Q

What are the two most powerful motivators?

A

food and sex

69
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

proposes that certain drives like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states

70
Q

Homeostasis

A

-equilibrium
-always attempting to maintain psychological homeostasis

71
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other hand

72
Q

We are ________ at simple tasks if we have _______ arousal

A

better; higher

73
Q

We are _________ at complex tasks if we have _______ arousal

A

better; lower

74
Q

Conflict

A

-some things lead us to avoid things and create conflict

75
Q

Approach-avoidance conflict

A

make a choice about something that has good an bad qualities

76
Q

Approach-approach conflict

A

-trying to decide between two good things

77
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

-two bad things to choose between

78
Q

Double approach-avoidance conflict

A

make a choice about two things and each has good an bad qualities

79
Q

Incentive Theories

A

propose that we’re often motivated by positive goals

80
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

motivated by internal goals

81
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

motivated by external goals

82
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

model proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs

83
Q

Primary Needs

A

biological necessities (ie. hunger and thirst)

84
Q

Secondary Needs

A

psychological desires (ie. achievement)

85
Q

The ______ is the centre for food cravings

A

brain

86
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

role in initiating eating

87
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

indicates when to stop eating

88
Q

Ghrelin

A

hormone produced by the stomach that communicates with the hypothalamus to increase hunger

89
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

hormone that counteracts Ghrelin and decreases hunger

90
Q

Glucostatic Theory

A

theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore glucose levels

91
Q

Leptin

A

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

92
Q

Set Point

A

-a genetically programmed values that establishes the range of body fat and muscle mass we need to maintain

93
Q

Role of Genes on Weight

A

-likely affect our weight
-6% of obesity cases have a mutation on the melacortin-4 receptor gene

94
Q

Unit Bias

A

we tend to think of units of things as the optimal amount ie. 1 bowl of soup

95
Q

Internal-External Theory

A

obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues

96
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight

97
Q

What % of the population are affected by bulimia nervosa?

A

1-3%

98
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight

99
Q

What % of the population are affected by anorexia nervosa?

A

0.5-1%

PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I (12 decks)

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