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PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Emotions

A

mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of experiences

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2
Q

3 Components of Emotions

A

-physiological reactions
-expressive behaviours
-mental experiences

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3
Q

Evalulation

A

people perceive situations differently and thus express varying emotions

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4
Q

Emotions are ______ and shaped through ______-

A

adaptive; evolution

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5
Q

Primary Emotions

A

-core, basic emotions
-shared worldwide
-biologically and genetically conveyed

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6
Q

How many primary emotions are there?

A

7

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7
Q

Secondary Emotions

A

-combinations of primary emotions
-vary depending on culture
-not biologically conveyed

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8
Q

Discrete Emotion Theory

A

theory that humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that are rooted in our biology

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9
Q

Distinct Motor Program

A
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10
Q

At what age do babies start to smile when they see a familiar face?

A

6 weeks

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11
Q

At what age do babies smile when they learn something new?

A

3 months

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12
Q

Do animal emotions resemble human emotions?

A

yes

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13
Q

Culture and Emotions

A

-many generate the same emotional expressions across cultures

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14
Q

Does globalization account for similar emotions across cultures?

A

-ruled out by Ekman faces

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15
Q

Ekman faces

A

-studied emotional reactions of an isolated tribe and compared with American college students
-found 7 consistent emotions

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16
Q

What are the primary emotions?

A
  1. happiness
  2. disgust
  3. fear
  4. sadness
  5. surprise
  6. contempt
  7. anger
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17
Q

Is pride a primary emotion?

A

-it has been debated (not by Ekman)
-but it not generally considered a primary

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18
Q

Examples of Secondary Emotions

A

-hatred (disgust + anger)
-jealousy (anger + sadness)

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19
Q

Display Rules

A

cross-cultural/societal guidelines for how and when to express emotions

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20
Q

Fake smile vs. Genune Smile

A

-different muscles are used

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21
Q

Duchenne Smile

A

-genuine smile
-movement of mouth and eyes

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22
Q

Pan Am SMile

A

-fake smile
-movement of mouth but not eyes

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23
Q

Cognitive Theories of Emotion

A

theories proposing that emotions are products of thinking, not a biological reaction

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24
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

proposing that emotions result from our INTERPRETATION of our bodily reactions to stimuli (afraid because we are running away)

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25
Cannon-Bard Theory
proposes that an emotion provoking even leads simultaneously to an emotion and bodily reaction (run away and feel fear at the same time)
26
Somatic Marker Theory
theory proposing that we use our "gut reactions" (automatic) to help us determine how we should act
27
Two-Factor Theory
proposes that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated state of arousal, along with an explanation of that arousal
28
Discrete emotions theory is probably correct when saying...
emotions are shaped through evolution
29
Cognitive theories are probably correct in...
saying thinking influences our emotions
30
What is probably the correct theory?
-two-factor and its concept of arousal
31
Subliminal Exposure
-exposure below level of awareness -positively or negatively cues influence our moods
32
Mere Exposure Effect
-repeated exposure makes us more likely to feel positive towards it -ie. coca cola ad, misinformation (Propoganda effect)
33
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
theory that blood vessels in the face feed back temperature information in the brain to alter our emotional experience
34
What might cause facial feedback theory?
classical conditioning
35
Nonverbal Leakage
unconscious spillover (give away) of emotions into nonverbal behaviour when trying to hide their feelings (facial expressions, gestures, postures, etc.)
36
Illustrators
gestures that highlight speech
37
Manipulators
gestures where one body part touches another body part (ie. crossed arms)
38
Emblems
gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by a culture (ie. nodding)
39
Proxemics
the study of personal space
40
Public Level of Distance
-12 feet or more -strangers/audience
41
Social Level of Distance
-4-12 feet -colleagues, classmates
42
Personal Level of Distance
-1.5-4 feet -friends, relatives
43
Intimate Level of Distance
-0-1.5 feet -lovers, family
44
Clues to Lying
-illustrators decrease -emblems/manipulators increase
45
Humans are ________ at detecting lies.
not good (only 55% accuracy)
46
Best way to detect a lie:
listen to WHAT they say, not how (usually add more details to a lie)
47
Polygraph Tests
-''lie-detector'' test -not 99% accurate as it says -has a problem with false positives -measure autonomic activity (ie. heart rate)
48
Pinocchio Response
supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural indicator of lying
49
Controlled questions in polygraph:
-relevant questions -irrelevant question -control questions
50
Guilty Knowledge Test
-tests for concealed knowledge of items from the crime scene using questionnaires and physiological measures
51
Brain Scanning Techniques
-looks at brain-wave changes when lying
52
Truth Serum
-barbiturates to relax people
53
Integrity Tests
-questionnaires that assess tendency to steal or cheat
54
Positive Psychology
discipline that has sought to emphasize human strengths
55
Broaden and Build Theory
says happiness predisposes us to think more openly, allows us to see the "big picture"
56
Defensive Pessimism
strategy of anticipating failure and compensating for the expectation by mentally over-preparing for negative outcomes
57
Misconception 1 of Happiness
happiness depends on what happens to us
58
Misconception 2 of Happiness
money makes us happy
59
Misconception 3 of Happiness
happiness declines in old age
60
Misconception 4 of Happiness
people on the west coast are happiest
61
Positivity Effect
tendency for people to remember more positive than negative information with age
62
Examples of things associated with higher happiness:
-being married -having friends -graduating college/university -following a religion -people who exercise -people who give back
63
Caveats of Happiness
-the relationships with these variables are modest -there is correlation but not causation
64
Affective Forecasting
ability to predict our own and others' happiness
65
Durability Bias
belief that both our good and our bad moods will last longer than they do
66
Hedonic Treadmill
tendency for our moods to adapt to external circumstances
67
Motivation
psychological drives that propel us in a specific direction
68
What are the two most powerful motivators?
food and sex
69
Drive Reduction Theory
proposes that certain drives like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states
70
Homeostasis
-equilibrium -always attempting to maintain psychological homeostasis
71
Yerkes-Dodson Law
inverted U-shaped relation between arousal on the one hand and mood and performance on the other hand
72
We are ________ at simple tasks if we have _______ arousal
better; higher
73
We are _________ at complex tasks if we have _______ arousal
better; lower
74
Conflict
-some things lead us to avoid things and create conflict
75
Approach-avoidance conflict
make a choice about something that has good an bad qualities
76
Approach-approach conflict
-trying to decide between two good things
77
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
-two bad things to choose between
78
Double approach-avoidance conflict
make a choice about two things and each has good an bad qualities
79
Incentive Theories
propose that we're often motivated by positive goals
80
Intrinsic Motivation
motivated by internal goals
81
Extrinsic Motivation
motivated by external goals
82
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
model proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs
83
Primary Needs
biological necessities (ie. hunger and thirst)
84
Secondary Needs
psychological desires (ie. achievement)
85
The ______ is the centre for food cravings
brain
86
Lateral Hypothalamus
role in initiating eating
87
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
indicates when to stop eating
88
Ghrelin
hormone produced by the stomach that communicates with the hypothalamus to increase hunger
89
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
hormone that counteracts Ghrelin and decreases hunger
90
Glucostatic Theory
theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore glucose levels
91
Leptin
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
92
Set Point
-a genetically programmed values that establishes the range of body fat and muscle mass we need to maintain
93
Role of Genes on Weight
-likely affect our weight -6% of obesity cases have a mutation on the melacortin-4 receptor gene
94
Unit Bias
we tend to think of units of things as the optimal amount ie. 1 bowl of soup
95
Internal-External Theory
obese people are motivated to eat more by external cues than internal cues
96
Bulimia Nervosa
eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight
97
What % of the population are affected by bulimia nervosa?
1-3%
98
Anorexia Nervosa
eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss and the irrational perception that one is overweight
99
What % of the population are affected by anorexia nervosa?
0.5-1%

PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I (12 decks)

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