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PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I > Chapter 5.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 5.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hallucinations

A

-realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of external stimuli
-can occur in any sensory modality
-more common in average people than we might think

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2
Q

Between ___ to ___ % of college students have reported a hallucination during the day (at least once).

A

10 to 39

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3
Q

Out-of-body Experience

A

-sense of our consciousness leaving our body
-the feeling of watching yourself do something

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4
Q

~___% of university students report having one or more OBE

A

25

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5
Q

~___% of the general public report having one or more OBE

A

10

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6
Q

Is there evidence of people leaving their body during an OBE

A

no

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7
Q

Near-death Experiences

A

-special type of OBE reported by people who have nearly died or thought they were going to die
-25% report an OBE

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8
Q

Classic Elements of a NDE

A

-tunnel of bright light
-life review
-seeing dead loved ones
-seeing a “being of light”
-coming back “into the body”

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9
Q

Déjà Vu

A

-feeling of reliving a new experience
-frequency declines with age

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10
Q

Are Déjà Vu experiences common?

A

-yes, 66% of people report experiences

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11
Q

Possible Déjà Vu causes

A

-not clear
-excess dopamine in temporal lobes
-abnormal electrical activity in the right temporal lobe

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12
Q

Mystical Experience

A

-feelings of unity or oneness with the world, often with strong spiritual overtones
-hard to study due to unpredictability
-unique to the person

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13
Q

fMRI and Mystical Experiences

A

-distinct brain activity patterns
-when highly religious people relived mystical experiences

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14
Q

Hypnosis

A

-set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in perceptions, thoughts, feelings, behaviours

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15
Q

Hypnosis: Induction

A

-beginning of hypnosis
-suggestions for relaxation, calmness, well-being

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16
Q

Hypnosis: Suggestions

A

-instructions to imagine pleasant experiences
-suggestions on what to think/do
-effectiveness depends on the person

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17
Q

Hypnosis depends on _______ and ________.

A

relaxation and expectancies

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18
Q

1st Myth of Hypnosis

A

-hypnosis produces a trance state where “amazing” things can happen

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19
Q

2nd Myth of Hypnosis

A

-hypnotic phenomena are unique

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20
Q

3rd Myth of Hypnosis

A

-hypnosis is a sleep like state
-don’t show the brainwaves similar to sleep

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21
Q

4th Myth of Hypnosis

A

-hypnotized people are not aware of their surroundings

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22
Q

5th Myth of Hypnosis

A

-hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis

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23
Q

6th Myth of Hypnosis

A

-hypnosis enhances memory

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24
Q

Sociocognitive Theory

A

-approach to explaining hypnosis
-based on attitudes, beliefs, and expectations

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25
Q

Past Life Regression Therapy

A

-hypnotizes and supposedly age-regresses patients to a previous life
-used to identify the source of a present-day problem

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26
Q

Dissociation Theory

A

-approach to explaining hypnosis
-based on a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated
-main part of the person is hypnotized
-another part, the hidden observer, is unaffected

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27
Q

Dissociation Theory Explains…

A

-hypnosis bypasses our sense of control we feel over our own behaviours

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28
Q

Psychoactive Drug

A

-substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains
-alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons

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29
Q

Mental Set

A

-beliefs and expectancies about the effects of drugs
-setting, culture, genetics account for highs and lows

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30
Q

Depressants

A

-decreased CNS activity
-initial high followed by low
-ie. alcohol, barbiturates, quaaludes, valium

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31
Q

Stimulants

A

-increased CNS activity
-ie. tobacco, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, caffeine

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32
Q

Opiates

A

-sense of euphoria and decreased pain
-ie. heroin, morphine, codeine

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33
Q

Psychedelics

A

-altered perception, mood, thoughts
-ie. marijuana, LSD, ecstasy

34
Q

Substance Use Disorder

A

-when people experience recurrent significant impairment of one or more drugs

35
Q

Tolerance

A

-reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use
-requires users to consume greater quantities to achieve the same effect

36
Q

Withdrawl

A

-unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption that was used habitually

37
Q

Physical Dependence

A

-drug dependence that occurs
-used to avoid withdrawal symptoms

38
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

-non-physiological dependence
-continued use is motivated by inner cravings

39
Q

Sociocultural Influences

A

-an explanation of drug use and abuse
-some cultures and religions prohibit drinking
-some countries see drinking as a part of daily life

40
Q

Addictive Personalities

A

-an explanation of drug use and abuse
-some personality traits increase or decrease likelihood to use

41
Q

Learning and Expectancies

A

-an explanation of drug use and abuse
-some use to relieve anxiety
-may be placebo

42
Q

Genetic Influences

A

-an explanation of drug use and abuse
-alcoholism tends to run in families
-a mutation in a gene causes, facial flushing, heart palpitations, nausea (common in Asian descent)

43
Q

Sedative

A

-drug that exerts calming effect

44
Q

Hypnotic

A

-drug exerts sleep-inducing effect

45
Q

Alcohol

A

-most widely used and abused drug
-~75% of Canadians consume alcohol
-increases GABA activity
-decreases glutamate activity

46
Q

Small Dose Alcohol

A

-BAC < 0.5
-relaxation
-elevated mood
-increased talkativeness
-impaired judgement

47
Q

High Dose Alcohol

A

-BAC of 0.5-1.0
-slowed thinking
-impaired concentration
-impaired walking/talking
-impaired muscular coordination

48
Q

_______ absorb alcohol faster than _____.

A

women; men

49
Q

Illegal BAC Levels in Canada

A

0.05 to 0.08

50
Q

What are Sedative-Hypnotics used for?

A

used for treatment of acute anxiety and insomnia

51
Q

Why are sedative-hypnotics dangerous at high doses?

A

-strong depressant effect can lead to unconsciousness, coma, or even death

52
Q

Barbiturates

A

-a sedative-hypnotic
-ie. nembutal, seconal

53
Q

Non-Barbiturates

A

-a sedative-hypnotic
-ie. qualaludes, sopor

54
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

-a sedative-hypnotic
-ie. valium, xanax

55
Q

Stimulant

A

-drug that increases CNS activity
-increases HR, respirations, BP

56
Q

Nicotine

A

-highly addictive
-activates receptors sensitive to AcH
-stimulation, relaxation, alertness

57
Q

Adjustive Value

A

-a property of nicotine
-can enhance positive emotions and minimize negative emotions

58
Q

Cocaine

A

-most powerful natural stimulant

59
Q

Effects of Cocaine

A

-euphoria
-enhanced mental and physical capacity
-stimulation
-decreases hunger
-indifference to pain
-sense of well-being
-all accompanied by fatigue

60
Q

Cocaine peaks ______ and fades after ____ min.

A

quickly, 30

61
Q

Which NT does cocaine enhance?

A

-dopamine and maybe serotonin

62
Q

Amphetamines

A

-powerful stimulant that reduces apetitie, decreases need for sleep, reduces depression

63
Q

Amphetamines function by increasing ______ and ________ activity

A

dopamine and norepinephrine

64
Q

Pattern 1 Amphetamine Use

A

-occasional legal use
-postpones fatigue
-elevates modd
-not routine

65
Q

Pattern 2 Amphetamine Use

A

-common legal use
-dependence may occur
-euphoria effects rather than prescribed purpose

66
Q

Pattern 3 Amphetamine Use

A

-street-drug amphetamine use
-dependance
-large doses
-rush of pleasure
-no sleep
-lost apetite
-paranoia

67
Q

Methamphetamine

A

-12-16 hour high
-high risk of overdose and dependence
-many health problems associated

68
Q

Narcotics (opiates)

A

-ie. heroin, morphine, codeine
-a legal term for illegal drugs that alter your state of consciousness
-induce sleep
-relieve pain

69
Q

Heroin

A

-potent opioid
-strong sense of euphoria lasts 3-4hr
-effects decrease with habitual use

70
Q

With continued use, narcotic effects _______.

A

diminish

71
Q

Withdrawal Symptoms

A

-effects of stoppage of use
-what frequent users try to avoid

72
Q

Sleep inducing effects of narcotics result from depression of the ____.

A

-CNS
-breathing and pulse rate slow
-pupils constrict

73
Q

Opioids

A

-describe the entire class of drugs that are closely related to opium
-ie. Oxy, fentanyl

74
Q

Psychedelics

A

-ie. LSD, mescaline, PCP, ecstasy, marijuana
-many considered hallucinogenic (not always marijuana)

75
Q

Hallucinogenic

A

causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought

76
Q

Marijuana

A

-THC is primary ingredient
-low dose: slowed time, enhanced touch sensations, hunger, well-being, giggling
-high dose: short term memory disturbances, exaggerated emotions

77
Q

Marijuana effects last ___ to ___ hrs

A

2 to 3

78
Q

Effects of Marijuana

A

-no serious health effects evidence found
-even fertility consequences

79
Q

LSD

A

-hallucinations come from serotonin interference and impact dopamine receptor sites
-may lead to negative or positive experiences (ie. confusion or synesthesia)

80
Q

MDMA/Ecstasy

A

-has stimulant and hallucinogenic properties
-serotonin cascade in the brain
-self-confidence and well-being increase
-feelings of empathy

81
Q

Serious MDMA Effects

A

-high BP
-rebound depression
-liver problems
-memory loss
-damage to serotonin reliant neurons

PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I (12 decks)

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