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PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I > Chapter 5.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 5.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hallucinations

A

-realistic perceptual experiences in the absence of external stimuli
-can occur in any sensory modality
-more common in average people than we might think

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2
Q

Between ___ to ___ % of college students have reported a hallucination during the day (at least once).

A

10 to 39

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3
Q

Out-of-body Experience

A

-sense of our consciousness leaving our body
-the feeling of watching yourself do something

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4
Q

~___% of university students report having one or more OBE

A

25

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5
Q

~___% of the general public report having one or more OBE

A

10

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6
Q

Is there evidence of people leaving their body during an OBE

A

no

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7
Q

Near-death Experiences

A

-special type of OBE reported by people who have nearly died or thought they were going to die
-25% report an OBE

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8
Q

Classic Elements of a NDE

A

-tunnel of bright light
-life review
-seeing dead loved ones
-seeing a “being of light”
-coming back “into the body”

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9
Q

Déjà Vu

A

-feeling of reliving a new experience
-frequency declines with age

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10
Q

Are Déjà Vu experiences common?

A

-yes, 66% of people report experiences

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11
Q

Possible Déjà Vu causes

A

-not clear
-excess dopamine in temporal lobes
-abnormal electrical activity in the right temporal lobe

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12
Q

Mystical Experience

A

-feelings of unity or oneness with the world, often with strong spiritual overtones
-hard to study due to unpredictability
-unique to the person

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13
Q

fMRI and Mystical Experiences

A

-distinct brain activity patterns
-when highly religious people relived mystical experiences

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14
Q

Hypnosis

A

-set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in perceptions, thoughts, feelings, behaviours

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15
Q

Hypnosis: Induction

A

-beginning of hypnosis
-suggestions for relaxation, calmness, well-being

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16
Q

Hypnosis: Suggestions

A

-instructions to imagine pleasant experiences
-suggestions on what to think/do
-effectiveness depends on the person

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17
Q

Hypnosis depends on _______ and ________.

A

relaxation and expectancies

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18
Q

1st Myth of Hypnosis

A

-hypnosis produces a trance state where “amazing” things can happen

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19
Q

2nd Myth of Hypnosis

A

-hypnotic phenomena are unique

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20
Q

3rd Myth of Hypnosis

A

-hypnosis is a sleep like state
-don’t show the brainwaves similar to sleep

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21
Q

4th Myth of Hypnosis

A

-hypnotized people are not aware of their surroundings

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22
Q

5th Myth of Hypnosis

A

-hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis

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23
Q

6th Myth of Hypnosis

A

-hypnosis enhances memory

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24
Q

Sociocognitive Theory

A

-approach to explaining hypnosis
-based on attitudes, beliefs, and expectations

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25
Past Life Regression Therapy
-hypnotizes and supposedly age-regresses patients to a previous life -used to identify the source of a present-day problem
26
Dissociation Theory
-approach to explaining hypnosis -based on a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated -main part of the person is hypnotized -another part, the hidden observer, is unaffected
27
Dissociation Theory Explains...
-hypnosis bypasses our sense of control we feel over our own behaviours
28
Psychoactive Drug
-substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains -alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons
29
Mental Set
-beliefs and expectancies about the effects of drugs -setting, culture, genetics account for highs and lows
30
Depressants
-decreased CNS activity -initial high followed by low -ie. alcohol, barbiturates, quaaludes, valium
31
Stimulants
-increased CNS activity -ie. tobacco, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, caffeine
32
Opiates
-sense of euphoria and decreased pain -ie. heroin, morphine, codeine
33
Psychedelics
-altered perception, mood, thoughts -ie. marijuana, LSD, ecstasy
34
Substance Use Disorder
-when people experience recurrent significant impairment of one or more drugs
35
Tolerance
-reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use -requires users to consume greater quantities to achieve the same effect
36
Withdrawl
-unpleasant effects of reducing or stopping consumption that was used habitually
37
Physical Dependence
-drug dependence that occurs -used to avoid withdrawal symptoms
38
Psychological Dependence
-non-physiological dependence -continued use is motivated by inner cravings
39
Sociocultural Influences
-an explanation of drug use and abuse -some cultures and religions prohibit drinking -some countries see drinking as a part of daily life
40
Addictive Personalities
-an explanation of drug use and abuse -some personality traits increase or decrease likelihood to use
41
Learning and Expectancies
-an explanation of drug use and abuse -some use to relieve anxiety -may be placebo
42
Genetic Influences
-an explanation of drug use and abuse -alcoholism tends to run in families -a mutation in a gene causes, facial flushing, heart palpitations, nausea (common in Asian descent)
43
Sedative
-drug that exerts calming effect
44
Hypnotic
-drug exerts sleep-inducing effect
45
Alcohol
-most widely used and abused drug -~75% of Canadians consume alcohol -increases GABA activity -decreases glutamate activity
46
Small Dose Alcohol
-BAC < 0.5 -relaxation -elevated mood -increased talkativeness -impaired judgement
47
High Dose Alcohol
-BAC of 0.5-1.0 -slowed thinking -impaired concentration -impaired walking/talking -impaired muscular coordination
48
_______ absorb alcohol faster than _____.
women; men
49
Illegal BAC Levels in Canada
0.05 to 0.08
50
What are Sedative-Hypnotics used for?
used for treatment of acute anxiety and insomnia
51
Why are sedative-hypnotics dangerous at high doses?
-strong depressant effect can lead to unconsciousness, coma, or even death
52
Barbiturates
-a sedative-hypnotic -ie. nembutal, seconal
53
Non-Barbiturates
-a sedative-hypnotic -ie. qualaludes, sopor
54
Benzodiazepines
-a sedative-hypnotic -ie. valium, xanax
55
Stimulant
-drug that increases CNS activity -increases HR, respirations, BP
56
Nicotine
-highly addictive -activates receptors sensitive to AcH -stimulation, relaxation, alertness
57
Adjustive Value
-a property of nicotine -can enhance positive emotions and minimize negative emotions
58
Cocaine
-most powerful natural stimulant
59
Effects of Cocaine
-euphoria -enhanced mental and physical capacity -stimulation -decreases hunger -indifference to pain -sense of well-being -all accompanied by fatigue
60
Cocaine peaks ______ and fades after ____ min.
quickly, 30
61
Which NT does cocaine enhance?
-dopamine and maybe serotonin
62
Amphetamines
-powerful stimulant that reduces apetitie, decreases need for sleep, reduces depression
63
Amphetamines function by increasing ______ and ________ activity
dopamine and norepinephrine
64
Pattern 1 Amphetamine Use
-occasional legal use -postpones fatigue -elevates modd -not routine
65
Pattern 2 Amphetamine Use
-common legal use -dependence may occur -euphoria effects rather than prescribed purpose
66
Pattern 3 Amphetamine Use
-street-drug amphetamine use -dependance -large doses -rush of pleasure -no sleep -lost apetite -paranoia
67
Methamphetamine
-12-16 hour high -high risk of overdose and dependence -many health problems associated
68
Narcotics (opiates)
-ie. heroin, morphine, codeine -a legal term for illegal drugs that alter your state of consciousness -induce sleep -relieve pain
69
Heroin
-potent opioid -strong sense of euphoria lasts 3-4hr -effects decrease with habitual use
70
With continued use, narcotic effects _______.
diminish
71
Withdrawal Symptoms
-effects of stoppage of use -what frequent users try to avoid
72
Sleep inducing effects of narcotics result from depression of the ____.
-CNS -breathing and pulse rate slow -pupils constrict
73
Opioids
-describe the entire class of drugs that are closely related to opium -ie. Oxy, fentanyl
74
Psychedelics
-ie. LSD, mescaline, PCP, ecstasy, marijuana -many considered hallucinogenic (not always marijuana)
75
Hallucinogenic
causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought
76
Marijuana
-THC is primary ingredient -low dose: slowed time, enhanced touch sensations, hunger, well-being, giggling -high dose: short term memory disturbances, exaggerated emotions
77
Marijuana effects last ___ to ___ hrs
2 to 3
78
Effects of Marijuana
-no serious health effects evidence found -even fertility consequences
79
LSD
-hallucinations come from serotonin interference and impact dopamine receptor sites -may lead to negative or positive experiences (ie. confusion or synesthesia)
80
MDMA/Ecstasy
-has stimulant and hallucinogenic properties -serotonin cascade in the brain -self-confidence and well-being increase -feelings of empathy
81
Serious MDMA Effects
-high BP -rebound depression -liver problems -memory loss -damage to serotonin reliant neurons

PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I (12 decks)

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