Chapter 44 - Sensory Systems Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Provide information from our environments that is crucial for survival
A
Sensory receptors
2
Q
Sene external stimuli
A
Exteroceptors
3
Q
Sense internal stimuli
A
Interoceptors
4
Q
Three groups of receptors
A
- Mechanoreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
- Energy-detecting receptors
5
Q
Are stimulated by mechanical forces such as pressure
A
Mechanoreceptors
6
Q
Detect chemicals or chemical changes
A
Chemoreceptors
7
Q
React to electromagnetic and thermal energy
A
Energy-detecting receptors
8
Q
Sensory information is perceived in a four step process
A
- Stimulation
- Transduction
- Transmission
- Interpreting
9
Q
Receptor potential in sensory cell created
A
Transduction
10
Q
Action potential in sensory neuron
A
Transmission
11
Q
CNS processing
A
Interpretation
12
Q
Sensory cells respond to stimuli via ___________ in their membranes
A
Stimulus-gated Ion Channels
13
Q
Stimulus-gated ion channels are open or close depending on the ____________
A
sensory system involved
14
Q
Depolarization of receptor cell occurs
A
Receptor potential
15
Q
What will respond to a specific kind of stimulus
A
Receptor Potential
16
Q
Six different kinds of Mechanoreceptors
A
- Nociceptors
- Thermoreceptors
- Detect touch
- Proprioceptors
- Baroreceptors
- Hair Cells
17
Q
- Transmits impulses based on cell damage
- Perceived as pain
- Most consist of free nerve endings located throughout the body (especially where damage is most likely to occur)
A
Nociceptors
18
Q
- Naked dendritic endings of sensory neurons
- Sensitive to changes in temperature
- Contain ion channels that are receptive to hot and cold
A
Thermoreceptors
19
Q
________ located higher in the skin, and are much more numerous, than _____
A
- Cold receptors
2. Warm receptors
20
Q
Contain sensory cells with ion channels that open in response to membrane distortions
A
Types detected by touch
21
Q
- Monitor muscle length and tension
- Provide information about the relative position or movement of animal’s body parts
A
Proprioceptors
22
Q
Where are proprioceptors?
A
- Muscle spindles
- Golgi tendon organs
23
Q
- Monitor blood pressure
- Detect tension or stretch in the walls of those blood vessels (When blood pressure decreases, the frequency of impulses decreases)
A
Baroreceptors
24
Q
In baroreceptors, branched network of afferent neurons are in the _____ or_______
A
- Carotid sinus
2. Aortic arch
25
- When stereocillia bend they send an action potential to a sensory neuron
Hair Cells
26
Speciaized cells with cytoplasmic extensions called ______
Stereocillia
27
Three senses in hair cells
1. Water current
2. Hearing
3. Balance
28
Consists of canals running the length of the firsh's body beneath the skin surface
Lateral Line
29
The lateral line contains _______ in a gelatinous _______
1. Hair cells
| 2. Cupula
30
How does the lateral line system work?
1. Innervated by sensory neurons that transmit impulses
| 2. Bending of sterecilia detects currents
31
The detection of vibrations
Hearing
32
The process of detection of vibrations
1. Perceived as sound
| 2. Involves the bending of stereocillia in hair cells
33
Two advantages the involve with the bending of stereocillia in hair cells
1. Auditory stimuli travel farther and more quickly than chemical ones
2. Auditory receptors provide better directional information than chemoreceptors
34
- Inner ear
- Has three chambers filled with fluid
- Wrapped in a coil
- Vibration travel down these canals
Cochlea
35
The cochlea contains what organ?
Organ of Corti
36
How does the organ of corti work?
1. Has a basilar membrane with hair cells
2. Vibrations of the basilar membrane's hair cells press the stereocilia against the tectorial membrane
3. Send nerve impulses to brain, where they are interpreted as sound
37
Key words with the cochlea
1. Organ of Corti
2. Basilar membrane
3. Tectorial membrane
38
Mammals that have the ability to perceive presence and distance of objects by sound
Echolocation
39
Who uses echolocation?
1. Bats
2. Shrews
3. Whales
4. Dolphins
40
How does echolocation work?
Animals emit sounds and then determine the time it takes these sounds to return
41
How does balance work in vertebrates and what are the parts used?
In vertebrates, the gravity receptors consist of two chambers in the membranous labyrinth
42
What are in the utricle and saccule?
Hair Cells
43
Hair cells are embedded in a calcium rich _______
Otolith membrane
44
_______ causes the ________ to move and ______ to bend
1. Head movement
2. Otolithic membrane
3. Stereocilia
45
Detect angular acceleration in any direction
Semicircular canals
46
Semicircular canals have swollen chambers called ____
Ampullae
47
In semicircular canals have hair cell stereocilia. Within a gelatinous _____ protrude into them.
Cupula
48
What does acceleration do?
- Moves fluid in the canals
- Bends the cupulla
- Bends the stereocilia
49
- Can bind to particular chemicals in extracellular fluid
- Membrane of sensory neuron becomes depolarized and produces action potentials
- Senses
Chemoreceptors
50
Three senses from chemoreceptors
1. Taste
2. Blood
3. Blood composition
51
Two parts of gustation
1. Taste
| 2. Taste buds
52
Taste is broken down into what five receptor types?
- Sweet
- Sour
- Salty
- Bitter
- Umami
53
Collection of chemosensitive cells associated with afferent neurons
Taste buds
54
Where do arthropods have taste chemoreceptors?
Flies have them in sensory hairs located on their feet
55
Involves neurons located in the upper portion of the nasal passages
Smell
56
Olfaction transmits impulses directly to the brain via _____
The olfactory nerve
57
Humans have over ____ receptors and can discern thousands of different smells
50
58
- Found in the aortic and carotid bodies
| - Sensitivity primarily to the pH of plasma
Peripheral chemoreceptors
59
- Found in the medulla oblongata of the brain
| - Sensitive to the pH of cerebrospinal fluid
Central chemoreceptors
60
Vision begins with the capture of light energy by ______
Photoreceptors
61
Many invertebrates have photoreceptors clustered in an ________
Eyespot
62
______ can perceive the direction of light but cannot construct a visual image
Flatworms
63
Four different phyla have evolved well-developed, image forming eyes
1. Annelids
2. Mollusks
3. Arthropods
4. Chordates
64
Vision in different phyla is similar in structure but evolved independently. This is an example of _______
Convergent evolution
65
Two components in the vertebrate retina
1. Rods
| 2. Cones
66
Black and white vision when illumination is dim
Rods
67
- Color vision and high visual acuity (sharpness)
| - Most are located in the central region of the retina
Cones
68
- In rods
| - Broad ranging pigment that detects values
Rhodopsin
69
Cones have _____
Photopsins
70
Each rhodopsin and photopsin has a different ________
Amino acid sequence
71
What do the amino acid sequences do in the rhodopsin and photopsins?
1. Can each register a different range of the EMS
| 2. The more you have the more color you see
72
Carnivores have two types of cones called _____
Dichromats
73
Humans have three kinds of cones called ______
Trichomats
74
Color blind humans are usually _____
Dichromats
75
Birds have four cones called _____
Tetrachromats
76
Birds are special because they can see what humans see and _____
Ultraviolet
77
_____ is a transparent structure that completes focusing light on the _______
1. Lens
| 2. Retina
78
People who are nearsighted or farsighted do not properly focus the image on the _____
Retina
79
The retina consists of three layers of cells
1. Photoreceptors
2. Bipolar layer
3. Ganglion cells
80
External layer of retina contains
Photoreceptors
81
Middle layer of retina contains
Bipolar layers
82
Layer closest to the eye cavity in the retina contains
Ganglion cells
83
________ stimulate ______ which stimulate _____ in the eye
1. Photoreceptors
2. Bipolar cells
3. Ganglion cells
84
Transmit impulses to the brain via optic nerve
Ganglion cells
85
First three steps in visual processing
1. Action potentials in the optic nerves are relayed from the retina to the thalamus
2. They are then projected to the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex
3. Each hemisphere of the cerebrum receives input from both eyes
86
Vision that give the ability to perceive 3-D images and depth
- Two fields of vision overlap
Binocular vision
87
Primates and predators have two eyes, one located on each side of the face called what kind of vision?
Binocular Vision
88
Prey animals generally have eyes located where?
On the sides of their head
89
Eyes on the sides of an animals head produces two things
1. Reduces binocular vision
| 2. Enlarges the overall field
90
The only vertebrates that can sense infrared radiation are ___
Snakes
91
Snakes have a pair of ____ on either side of their head
Pit organs
92
These locate heat sources in the environment, including prey in darkness
Pit organs
93
The elasmobrachs (sharks, rays, and skates) have ______
Electroreceptors
94
Can sense electrical currents generated by the muscle contraction of their prey
Ampullae of Lorenzini
95
- Eels, sharks, bees and many birds
| - Navigate along the magnetic field lines of the Earth
Magnetoception
