Chapter 46 - Muskoskeletal Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Changes in movement occur because muscles pull against a support structure, called the
A
Skeletal System
2
Q
Three types of skeletal systems
A
- Hydrostatic skeletons
- Exoskeletons
- Endoskeletons
3
Q
These skeletons are found primarily in soft-bodied invertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic
A
Hydrostatic Skeletons
4
Q
Locomotion in earthworms
A
Hydrostatic Skeletons
5
Q
Description of how earthworms move using their hydrostatic skeletons
A
- Fluid-filled central cavity and surrounding circular & longitudinal muscles
- A wave of circular followed by longitudinal muscle contractions move fluid down body
- Produces forward movement
6
Q
Locomotion in aquatic invertebrates
A
Hydroskeletons
7
Q
Hydroskeletons occur in which two animal species?
A
- Aquatic invertebrates
2. Earthworms
8
Q
Jellyfish produces regular _________ in bell
A
Pulsations
9
Q
Description of movement in the hydrostatic skeletons in aquatic invertebrates
A
- Produce pulsations in bell
- Water moves under bell
- Squeezes some of water thrusts it forward
10
Q
Description of movement of squids
A
- Hydrostatic Skeleton
- Fills mantle cavity with sea water
- Muscular contractions expel water forcefully through the siphon, and the animal shoots backward
11
Q
Name of a squids locomotion
A
Jetting through their hydrostatic skeletons
12
Q
Surrounds the body as a rigid hard case
A
Exoskeleton
13
Q
What are exoskeletons made out of?
A
Carbohydrate Chitin
14
Q
Two jobs of exoskeleton
A
- Protection for internal organs
2. Site for muscle attachment
15
Q
Two limiting conditions of exoskeletons
A
- Must be periodically shed for body growth
2. Limits body size
16
Q
Rigid internal skeletons that form the body’s framework and offer surfaces for muscle attachment
A
Endoskeleton
17
Q
Echinoderms endoskeletons are made of _____
A
Calcite
18
Q
Calcite is made out of
A
Calcium Carbonate
19
Q
Echinoderms endoskeletons form ______ or ________
A
- Solid test
or - A network of spicules
20
Q
The vertebrate endoskeleton is divided into _____
A
- Axial skeleton
2. Appendicular Skeleton
21
Q
- Supports the body and protects internal organs
- Axis of the body
A
Axial Skeleton
22
Q
- Limb bones and girdles
- Pectoral girdle and forelimbs
- Pelvic girdle and hindlimbs
A
Appendicular skeleton
23
Q
Two components of the appendicular skeleton
A
- Pectoral girdle and forlimbs
2. Pelvic girdle and hindlimbs
24
Q
Vertebrate endoskeletons have _________
A
- Cartilage
2. Bone
25
Bone and cartilage are living tissues which means ______
They can change and remodel in response to injury or physical stress
26
Bone and cartilage are _____
Connective Tissue
27
Connective Tissue is made up of ________
Fibroblasts
28
Make protein fibers within bone/cartilage matrix
Fibroblasts
29
Flexible, but resilient connective tissue
Cartilage
30
Cartilage is made up of ____ and ___
1. Matrix of fibers
| 2. Chondroitin
31
Two types of cells that contribute to the production of cartilage
1. Chondroblasts
| 2. Chondrocytes
32
Make new cartilage
Chondroblasts
33
Maintain existing cartilage
Chondrocytes
34
Hard but resilient connective tissue that is unique to vertebrates
Bone
35
Cell types that contribute to bone production
1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteocytes
3. Osteoclasts
36
Make new bone
Osteoblasts
37
Maintains existing bone
Osteocytes
38
Breaks down existing bone
Osteoclasts
39
Bone develops in two ways:
1. straight from mesenchyme
| 2. from a previously established cartilage model.
40
___________ initiate bone development
Osteoblasts
41
Osteoblasts change into ______ which resides in within the __________
1. Osteocytes
| 2. Bone matrix
42
_______ break down the bone matrix
Osteoclasts
43
A protective layer, the _________ lines the outside of a bone.
Periosteum
44
Based on density, bone falls into these three categories
1. Compact Bone
2. SPongy Bone
3. Vascular Bone
45
- Bone layer
- Outer dense layer
- Internal organization termed the Haversian system
Compact Bone
46
Another name for the compact bone
Haversian System
47
- Bone layer
- Honeycomb structure
- Forms the epiphyses inside a thick shell of compact bone
Spongy Bone
48
Mammals Bones
Vascular Bone
49
- Bone layer
| - retain internal blood vessels
Vascular Bone
50
Bone structure in birds and fishes
1. Avascular
| 2. Acellular
51
Mechanical stress in bones deforms bone crystals
Bone Remodeling
52
The phenomenon of remodeling
| consists of two processes
1. Small forces may not have a great effect
| 2. But larger forces can initiate remodeling by osteoblasts
53
Are the locations where one bone meets another
Joints
54
Three different kinds of joints
1. Synarthritic
2. Amphiarthritic
3. Diarthritic:
55
immovable joints
Synarthritic
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sightly movable joints
Amphiarthritic
57
freely movable joints
Diarthritic
58
Skeletal muscle fibers are attached to the periosteum of bones in one of two ways
1. Directly
| 2. Through a strong, fibrous cord called the tendon
59
- In skeletal muscle movement
| - Remains stationary during contraction
Origin
60
- In skeletal muscle movement
| - is attached to a bone that moves when muscle contracts
Insertion
61
Muscle group causing an action
Agonist
62
Muscle group that counters movement
Antagonist
63
The force of contraction remains relatively constant as the muscle shorten in length
Isotonic contraction
64
The length of the muscle does not change as force is exerted
Isometric contraction
65
Each skeletal muscle contains numerous cells called ______
Fibers
66
Fibers are organized into bundles called ___________-
Fascicles
67
Each fiber encloses a bundle of organelles called ________
Myofibrils
68
Each myofibril in turn is composed of thick and thin _______
Myofilaments
69
Set of myofibrils are arranged in parallel known as _______
Sarcomeres
70
Stacked thick & thin myofilaments
Sarcomeres
71
Each sarcomere
1. Consists of thin and thick myofilaments
| 2. The boundary consists of two Z lines
72
A muscle contracts and shortens because ________
The myofibrils contract and shorten
73
consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
Motor Unit
74
In a motor unit
All fibers contract together when the motor neuron produces impulses
75
The cumulative increase in the number of motor units stimulated, leading to a stronger contraction
Recruitment
76
Types of muscle fibers
1. Twitch
2. Summation
3. Tetanus
77
A muscle stimulated with a single impulse quickly contracts and relaxes
Twitch
78
is a cumulative response when a second twitch “piggy-backs” on the first
Summation
79
no relaxation between twitches; sustained contraction is produced
Tetanus
80
Locomotion in large animals involves:
1. Appendicular locomotion
| 2. Axial locomotion
81
Produced by appendages that oscillate
Appendicular locomotion
82
Produced by bodies that undulate, pulse or undergo peristaltic waves
Axial Locomotion
83
Locomotion must deal with physical constraints to movement
1. gravity
| 2. frictional drag
84
All aquatic vertebrates swim
| that involves
Swimming involves using the body or its appendages to push against the water
85
Water buoyancy _______
reduces effect of gravity
86
Terrestrial locomotion deals mainly with
Gravity
87
Examples of locomotion on land
1. Mollusks glide along a path of mucus
2. Vertebrates and arthropods have a raised body, and move forward by pushing against the ground with jointed appendages
88
Flight has evolved among animals four times
1. Insects
2. Pterosaurs
3. Birds
4. Bats
89
Is achieved by pushing down against the air with wings
Propulsion
90
Insects, Pterosaurs, Birds, and Bats all have ___________
Lightened bones and forelimbs transformed into wings
