Chapter 48 - The Respiratory System

Question 1

Gas exchange is dependent on _______.

Answer 1

Surface Area

Question 2

The more surface area the _____ the rate of gas exchange

Answer 2

the greater

Question 3

Surface area to volume ratio _________ and volume _______

Answer 3

decreases, increases

Question 4

Respiration in single celled organisms

Answer 4

1. Gases diffuse directly through the membrane (s)

2. High surface area to volume ration

Question 5

In smaller invertebrates, gases diffuse through both _____ and ______

Answer 5

1. Integument

2. Gut

Question 6

When gases diffuse through the gut its called

Answer 6

Gastrovascular Cavity

Question 7

Three classes that have a gastrovascular cavity

Answer 7

1. Cnidarians
2. Platyhelminthes
3. Nematoda

Question 8

What increases surface area?

Answer 8

Flattening

Question 9

Can circulate gases

Answer 9

Pseudocoel

Question 10

Aquatic groups have _________ that are specialized tissues with high surface areas

Answer 10

Internal Gills

Question 11

Two things that internal gills do

Answer 11

1. Water is taken in and circulated over them

2. Gas is exchanged

Question 12

Two groups of invertebrates that have internal gills

Answer 12

1. Mollusks

2. Crustaceans

Question 13

Protrude into water column, increasing surface area exposure to water for gas exchange

Answer 13

Papulae

Question 14

Oxygen is circulated through Echinoderms through the ______

Answer 14

Water Vascular System

Question 15

Have papulae

Answer 15

Echinoderms

Question 16

Openings in the exoskeleton; leads to trachea

Answer 16

Spiracles

Question 17

Spiracles leads to ducts called ______

Answer 17

Trachea

Question 18

The trachea subdivide into ______

Answer 18

Tracheoles

Question 19

What is the significance of tracheoles?

Answer 19

They increase surface area and delivers air directly to tissues

Question 20

Group that have spiracles, trachea, and tracheoles

Answer 20

Hexapoda

Question 21

Thin, moist skin with lots of _______ allows for gas exchange

Answer 21

Capillaries

Question 22

Amphibians have what kind of respiration?

Answer 22

Cutaneous Respiration

Question 23

Only small amphibians don’t need what?

Answer 23

They don’t need gills and lungs to increase their surface area

Question 24

In aquatic vertebrates (Fish), where are their breathing structures derived from?

Answer 24

Pharyngeal Slits

Question 25

In aquatic vertebrates there are several ________ on each side of an animal's head

Answer 25

Gill Arches

Question 26

Each gill arch is composed of ______ which consist of ________

Answer 26

1. Two Rows of Gill filaments | 2. Lamellae

Question 27

What makes up gill filaments?

Answer 27

Lamellae

Question 28

- Found outside the body | - Found in immature fish and amphibians

Answer 28

External Gills

Question 29

Two advantages to external gills

Answer 29

1. Must constantly move to ensure contact with Oxygen rich fresh water 2. Are easily damaged

Question 30

The gills of bony fishes are located between the ______ and _________

Answer 30

1. The mouth | 2. The operculum

Question 31

Cavities in aquatic function how?

Answer 31

As pumps that alternately expand

Question 32

Aquatic vertebrates move water into the mouth, through the gills, and out of the fish through the open _________ or gill cover

Answer 32

Operculum

Question 33

Blood flows in opposite direction of water movement. Maximizes oxygenation of blood

Answer 33

Countercurrent Flow

Question 34

What allows for fish to get the most oxygen from the water?

Answer 34

Countercurrent Flow

Question 35

Why were gills replaced in terrestrial animals?

Answer 35

1. Air is less supportive than water | 2. Water evaporates

Question 36

Minimizes evaporation by moving air through a branched tubular passage

Answer 36

Lungs

Question 37

Usually has extensive internal surface area for gas exchange

Answer 37

Lungs

Question 38

Lungs of amphibians are formed as ________ of the gut

Answer 38

Saclike outpouchings

Question 39

Frogs have what kind of breathing?

Answer 39

Positive pressure breathing

Question 40

"Push" or "squeeze" air into their lungs by creating a positive pressure in the buccal cavity

Answer 40

Positive pressure breathing

Question 41

Reptiles and mammals have what kind of breathing?

Answer 41

Negative Pressure Breathing

Question 42

Process of negative pressure breathing

Answer 42

1. Expand thoracic cage by muscular contractions 2. Creates an empty air space that lowers pressure 3. Air rushes inside the lungs to fill empty air space 4. Two direction flow

Question 43

In and out the same direction

Answer 43

Two Directional Flow

Question 44

Lungs of mammals are packed with millions of _____

Answer 44

Alveoli

Question 45

What is the anatomy of a terrestrial vertebrate lung?

Answer 45

1. Alveoli 2. Trachea 3. Right and Left Bronchi 4. Bronchioles

Question 46

Inhaled air passes through the _________ in terrestrial vertebrates

Answer 46

Trachea

Question 47

Air bifurcates into _________ from the trachea

Answer 47

Right and Left Bronchi

Question 48

Air enters each lung and subdivides into __________

Answer 48

Bronchioles

Question 49

An extensive capillary network

Answer 49

Bronchioles

Question 50

Thoracic volume increases through contraction of muscles

Answer 50

Inhalation

Question 51

The process of inhalation

Answer 51

1. Rib cage expands 2. Diaphragm contracts 3. Produces negative pressure which draws air into the lungs

Question 52

Thoracic volume decreases due to elasticity

Answer 52

Exhalation

Question 53

The process of exhalation

Answer 53

1. Elastic fibers collapse ribcage 2. Diaphragm relaxes 3. Creates positive pressure 4. Contract abdominal muscles if you want to force out more air

Question 54

Archosaurs were able to achieve ________ airflow

Answer 54

Unidirectional

Question 55

Instead of air going in and out the exact same way, air circulates. This results in complete elimination of "used" air.

Answer 55

Unidirectional Breathing

Question 56

Type of breathing in birds?

Answer 56

Unidirectional Breathing

Question 57

In bird, oxygen is absorbed through oneway tubes called

Answer 57

Parabronchi

Question 58

Unidirectional breathing is achieved through the action of

Answer 58

Anterior and posteior sacs

Question 59

Two Cycles in unidirectional breathing

Answer 59

Cycle 1 - Inhaled air is drawn from the trachea into posterior air sacs. Then exhaled into the lungs. Cycle 2 - Air is drawn from the lungs into the anterior air sacs. Exhaled through the trachea.

Question 60

___________ air does not need to be exhaled before ____________ air can be inhaled

Answer 60

1. Deoxygenated | 2. Oxygenated

Question 61

Gas exchange is driven by __________

Answer 61

Partial Pressures

Question 62

_______________ carry oxygenated blood with relatively low carbon dioxide concentration

Answer 62

Systemic Arteries

Question 63

_______________ carry deoxygenated blood with a high carbon dioxide concentration

Answer 63

Systemic Veins

Question 64

______ are sensitive to blood carbon dioxide changes

Answer 64

Neurons

Question 65

Steps of breath regulation

Answer 65

1. A rise in percentage of carbon dioxide causes increased production of carbonic acid 2. Lowers pH 3. Stimulates chemosensitive neurons 4. Send impulses to control center

Question 66

Hemoglobin consists of _____________

Answer 66

Four polypeptide chains

Question 67

Each polypeptide chain in hemoglobin is associated with a _______________

Answer 67

Heme Group

Question 68

Each heme group has an __________

Answer 68

Iron atom

Question 69

Each iron atom can bind ___________

Answer 69

A molecule of oxygen

Question 70

Hemoglobin __________ in the lungs

Answer 70

Collects oxygen

Question 71

Hemoglobin lose oxygen by

Answer 71

Capillaries

Question 72

Order of hemoblobin anatomy

Answer 72

1. Four polypeptide chains 2. Heme group 3. Iron atom 4. Oxygen atom

Question 73

Process of transportation of Carbon Dioxide

Answer 73

1. CO2 moves from cells to blood 2. CO2 combines with water to form H+ and HCO3- 3. H+ binds with deoxyhemoglobin 4. HCO3- moves out of blood cells into plasma 5. Blood passes through pulmonary capillaries 6. The reaction is reversed 7. Production of CO2, which is exhaled

Question 74

H+ binds with _____________

Answer 74

Deoxyhemoglobin

Question 75

HCO3- moves where?

Answer 75

Out of the blood cells into the plasma

Question 76

What happens through the pulmonary capillaries?

Answer 76

1. The reaction is reversed | 2. Production of CO2, which is exhaled