Chapter 51 - The Immune System Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Two level of defense in vertebrates
A
- Innate Immunity
2. Adaptive Immunity
2
Q
- Recognition of invading pathogens
- Rapid response
- Uses soluble antimicrobial proteins
A
Innate Immunity
3
Q
- Characterized by genetic rearrangements that generate a diverse set of molecules to recognize any invader
- Slower response buy highly specific
A
Adaptive Immunity
4
Q
Four potential routes of infection
A
- Skin
- Digestive
- Respiratory
- Urogenital
5
Q
All routes of infection are lined with what?
A
Epithelial Cells
6
Q
Largest organ in the body
A
Skin
7
Q
Two layers of the skin
A
Epidermis and Dermis
8
Q
- Five Layers (10-30 cells thick)
- Contains Keratin
- Oil and Sweat glads give a pH of 3-5
- Lysozymes
A
Epidermis
9
Q
Makes skin tough and water resistant
A
Keratin
10
Q
Break bacterial cell walls
A
Lysozymes
11
Q
- Contains two layers of connective tissue and is 15-40 times thicker than epidermis
- Provides structural support for epidermis, and matrix for blood vessels, muscles and nerve endings
A
Dermis
12
Q
What is the job of the dermis?
A
Provides structural support for epidermis, and matrix for blood vessels, muscles and nerve endings
13
Q
Layer beneath the skin
A
Subcutaneous Layer
14
Q
Subcutaneous layer’s contain mainly __________ cells
A
Adipose (fat)
15
Q
The job of the subcutaneous layer
A
Acts as shock absorber and insulators
16
Q
The digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts are lined by _______________
A
Mucous Membranes
17
Q
- Epithelial tissue
- Secrete mucus which traps microbes
A
Mucous Membranes
18
Q
Three defenses in mucosal surfaces
A
- Salivary lysozyme; acidic stomach
- Cilliary action to move mucus
- Acidic urine
19
Q
Recognizes chemical patterns characteristic of invaders
A
Innate Immunity
20
Q
Two different kinds of innate immunity
A
- TRL
2. MBL
21
Q
Are found within or on the cell surface of pathogens
A
TRL (Toll Like Receptors)
22
Q
Are given off by pathogens and are found in the fluids they are in
A
MBL (Mannose Binding Lectins)
23
Q
Another name for white blood cells
A
Leukocytes
24
Q
Three types of white blood cells that are directly involved in innate immunity
A
- Macrophages
- Neutrophils
- NK lymphocytes
25
Three characteristics of neutrophils
1. The most abundant circulating leukocytes
2. First to appear at site of damage/infection
3. Kill microbes by phagocytosis
26
Three characteristics of macrophages
1. Large, irregularly shaped cells
2. Enter tissues from the blood, and can remain in connective tissue indefinitely
3. Kill microbes by phagocytosis
27
Three characteristics of NK Lymphocytes
1. Destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells
2. Inject chemicals that result in apoptosis
3. Marcophages then eat the remains
28
Cell performing programmed cell death
Apoptosis
29
Can induce or increase an innate response
Inflammatory Response
30
The two steps in inflammatory response
1. Injured cells release chemical alarms (histamine, prostaglandins)
2. Cause nearby blood vessels to dilate and increase in permeability
31
Signs of inflammatory response
- Redness
- Warmth
- Swelling
- Pain
32
Inflammatory response promote ________ and ______ accumulation
- Leukocyte
| - Fibroblast
33
Inflammation is reduced when what happens?
Tissues begin to heal
34
Is the primary chemical to induce a widespread immune response
Histamine
35
The cell primarily responsible for the production of histamine is a leukocyte called a ____________
Mast Cell
36
Histamines and Mast Cells are apart of what kind of response?
Inflammatory Response
37
The process of the compliment system
1. 30 different proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form
2. Becomes activated when TRLs or MBLs are detected
3. Proteins aggregate to form a Membrane Attack Complex on surface of pathogens...or make a pore
4. Pathogens swells and burts
38
Proteins aggregate to form a _______________ on surface of pathogens...or make a pore
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
39
The scientific study of immunity began with who and when?
Edward Jenner in 1796
40
How did Edward Jenner invent the vaccine?
1. Observed that milkmaids who had cowpox (mild) rarely experienced smallpox (severe)
2. Jenner inoculated individuals with fluid from cowpox vesicles to protect them from smallpox
3. First vaccination
41
The four characteristics of the specific, or adaptive, immune response are
1. Specificity
2. Diversity
3. Memory
4. Ability to distinguish self from non-self
42
A molecule that provokes a specific immune response
Antigens
43
What is found on the surface of antigen cells?
Proteins and Glycoproteins
44
Leukocytes with surface receptors for antigens
B and T Lymphocytes
45
Generally, what do B and T Lymphocytes do?
Direct an immune response against either the antigen or the cells that carries it
46
When a B or T lymphocyte binds to a specific antigen for the first time, it activates ___________
Clonal Selection
47
What process produces clones?
Clonal Selection
48
Two things can happen when clones are produced?
1. Respond immediately
| 2. Memory cells
49
Where do the B Lymphocytes mature?
In the bone marrow
50
B Lymphocytes respond to antigens by secreting _________ or____________
1. Immunoglobulins (Ig)
or
2. Antibodies
51
The process of producing immunoglobins
Humoral Immunity
52
What are the four steps in humoral immunity?
1. Naive B cells in secondary lymph organs
2. Activation results in clonal expansion
3. B cells produce soluble Igs to be circulated
4. Once they do this they are known as plasma cells
53
One B cells produce soluble Igs to be circulated, they are called _________
Plasma Cells
54
Another name for Immunoglobulins
Antibodies
55
What to Immunoglobulins consist of?
Y-shaped molecules
56
Each chain of immunoglobulins has what special part?
Antigen-binding site
57
Each Ig can bind two identical antigents. This causes the following process.
1. Allows formation of antigen-antibody complexes
2. These can allow macrophages to better identify invaders
3. Igs will also bond to mast cells to produce histamine
58
How man classes of immunoglobulins are there?
Five
59
When are immunoglobulins released and how are they composed?
- Released at different times
| - All have different compositions
60
Where do T Lymphocytes mature?
In the thymus
61
What is the job of T Lymphocytes?
Directly attack cells that carry specific antigens
62
What kind of cells do T Lymphocytes attack?
Usually virally infected or cancerous cells
63
The name of the process of T Lymphocytes attacking antigens?
Cell-mediated immunity
64
The three steps in Cell Mediated Immunity?
1. A marcrophage ingests virus or cancer cell and presents the antigen
2. T cells are activated upon through antigen recognition
3. Clonal expansion occurs
65
Cell mediated immunity produces what two types of activated cells?
1. Cytotoxic T
| 2. Helper T
66
Cells that actually attack the cells with foreign antigens right away
Cytotoxic T Cells
67
Cells that detect antigens, and release cytokines.
Helper T Cells
68
What do cytokines do in helping Helper T Cells?
They cause the growth of more T cells
69
Two different kinds of organs in the immune system
1. Primary lymphoid organs
| 2. Secondary lymphoid organs
70
- Where cells grow and mature
| - Bone marrow and thymus
Primary lymphoid organs
71
- Cells move here to expose themselves to antigens
| - Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Secondary lymphoid organs
72
What organs are apart of the secondary lymphoid organs?
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- MALT
73
What is the site of B cell maturation?
Bone marrow
74
What is the site of T cell maturation?
Thymus
75
Any lymphocytes that bind to ________ undergo ________
- Self-anitgens
| - Apoptosis
76
If the cell is prone to attack your own antigens what will happen?
Apoptosis
77
What does apoptosis eliminate?
Autoimmunity
78
The locations of these organs promote the filtering of antigens that enter any part of an individual's body
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
79
Where do B and T cells become activated?
Lymph Nodes
80
What is the site of immune responses to antigens found mainly in the blood?
Spleen
81
What includes the tonsils and appendix?
MALT (Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues)
82
What is a primary immune response?
When a person is first exposed to an antigen, it takes time for the B and T lymphocytes to differentiate and for clonal expansion to occur.
83
What does the primary immune response cause?
Gives the pathogen time to cause illness
84
During clonal expansion, certain cells do not fight the infection, but instead just go into the lymphoid system.
Memory Cells
85
Where do memory cells go?
Lymphoid system
86
- There is a large collection of memory cells that can recognize the antigen
- Immune response is more effective
- Illness rarely occurs
Secondary immune response
87
The acceptance of self cells is known as _______
Immune tolerance
88
These are caused by the failure of immune tolerance
Autoimmune Deseases
89
What do autoimmune diseases result in?
The activation of autoreactive T-cells, and the production of autoantibodies by B cells
90
What harms do autoimmune diseases cause?
- Inflammation
| - Organ dammage
91
________ refer to a greatly heightened response to a foreign antigen, or allergen
Allergy
92
The most common type of allergies in known as _____
Immediate Hypersensitivity
93
What does Immediate Hypersensitivity result in?
- Hives
| - Local responses
94
For allergies, this is dramatic, systemic response.
Anaphylaxis
95
What can happen in Anaphylaxis is not treated?
Death....duh duh duhhhh
96
Antigen types are actually ______
Blood types
97
_______ cell membranes have surface antigens
Red blood cells
98
RBC cells membranes have surface antigens that are usually ______ or _________
- Glycoproteins
| - Glycolipids
99
What are used to determine blood type?
A, B, and Rh
100
What are genetically determined?
Blood types
101
People may have what kind of blood types?
A, B, AB, or nothing (O)
102
You automatically produce antibodies if what happens?
If foreign antigens are introduced into your blood stream, you will produce antibodies to destroy them.
103
What can pathogens do to avoid immune system detection?
Alter their surface antigens
104
Influenza virus expresses two surface proteins ________ and _________
1. Antigenic drift
| 2. Antigenic shift
105
The accumulation of point mutations to the viral genome that express antigen
Antigenic drift
106
Sudden appearance of new viral sub type where proteins are completely different due to antigenic drift
Antigenic shift
107
Mounts a direct attack on Helper T cells
HIV (Human immunodeficiency Virus)
108
What does HIV do?
Binds to CD4 proteins on T cells, and is endocyosed
109
An individual is considered to have AIDS when
their T cells level has dropped significantly
110
What does immunosuppresion results in (from AIDS)
An increase in opportunistic infections and cancers
