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Biology 110 > Chapter 49 - The Circulatory System > Flashcards

Chapter 49 - The Circulatory System Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Which groups lack a separate circulatory system?

A
  1. Sponges
  2. Cnidarians
  3. Nematodes
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2
Q

Why do sponges, cnidarians, and nematodes lack a circulatory system?

A

They are small enough, having a small surface area, that oxygen and nutrients can get to all the cells through diffusion

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3
Q

No distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid

A

Open Circulatory Sytem

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4
Q

The fluid in an open circulatory system

A

Hemolymph

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5
Q

Distinct circulatory fluid (blood) enclosed in vessels and transported away from and back to the heart

A

Closed Circulatory System

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6
Q

Path of blood in fish circulation

A
  1. Body
  2. Heart
  3. Gills
  4. Body
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7
Q

Who evolved a circulation system first?

A

Fish

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8
Q

Who evolved the first chamber pump heart?

A

Fishes

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9
Q

How are the fishes heart set up?

A

Four structures are arranged one after the other to form two muscular pumping chambers.

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10
Q

The two muscular pumping chambers in a fish

A

Atrium and Ventricle

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11
Q

Which chamber of the fishes heart is the stronger?

A

Ventricle because they have to pump blood to the whole body

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12
Q

Land vertebrates have lungs that require what?

A

Double Circulation

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13
Q

The two circulation systems in a land vertebrates

A
  1. Pulmonary Circulation

2. Systematic Circulation

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14
Q

The flow in pulmonary circulation

A
  1. Heart
  2. Lungs
  3. Heart
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15
Q

The flow in systemic circulation

A
  1. Heart
  2. Body
  3. Heart
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16
Q

Amphibian/Reptile Circulation have how many chambers in their heart?

A

Three chambered heart

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17
Q

What does the three chambered heart consist of?

A

Two atria and one ventricle

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18
Q

Amphibians obtain additional oxygen through ______

A

Cutaneous Respiration

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19
Q

In a three chambered heart, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ________

A

Mix but very little

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20
Q

Mammals and archosaurs have how many chambers in their heart?

A

Four chambered heart

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21
Q

The anatomy of the four chambered

A

Two separate atria and two separate ventricle

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22
Q

The heart has two pairs of valves

A
  1. Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

2. Semilunar Valves

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23
Q

Guard the openings between atria and ventricles. Left and right or bicuspid and tricuspid.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

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24
Q

Overview of blood flow in the heart

A
  1. Superior Vena Cava
  2. Right Atrium
  3. Atrioventricular Valves
  4. Right Ventricle
  5. Pulmonary Artery
  6. Lungs (Get Oxygen)
  7. Pulmonary Veins
  8. Left Atrium
  9. Bicuspid Valve
  10. Left Ventricle
  11. Aortic Valve (Aorta)
  12. To the rest of the body
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25
Guard the exits from the ventricles to the arterial system
Semilunar Valve
26
Two parts of the semilunar valve
1. Pulmonary Valve (right) | 2. Aortic Valve (left)
27
Supply the heart muscle itself
Coronary arteries
28
Brings blood back to the heart
Cardiac Veins
29
Valves open and close as the heart goes through the cardiac cycle of rest called __________
Diastole
30
Valves open and close as the heart goes through the cardiac cycle and contracts called the _________
Systole
31
The heart contracts starting at the _______
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
32
Three characteristics of the Sinoatrial (SA) Node
1. In the right atrium 2. Acts as a pacemaker for the rest of the heart 3. Produces spontaneous action potentials that proliferate down the heart and causes a heartbeat
33
Blood leaves the heart through _______
Arteries
34
__________ are the finest, microscopic branches of the arterial tree
Arterioles
35
Blood from arterioles enters the ________
Capillaries
36
Blood from capillaries collects in the _______
Venules
37
The blood from the venules leads to larger vessels, called _______-
Veins
38
What carries the blood back to the heart?
Veins
39
Order of blood flow through vessels
1. Arterioles 2. Arteries 3. Capillaries (Oxygen exchange happens) 4. Venules 5. Veins
40
Arteries and veins are composed of four tissue layers
1. Endothelium (Epithelium) 2. Elastic Fibers 3. Smooth Muscle 4. Connective Tissue
41
Are composed of only a single layer of enothelial cells
Capillaries
42
What is the job of capillaries?
Allow rapid exchange of gases and metabolites between blood and body cells
43
Has vasoconstrictions and vasodilations
Arteries and Arterioles
44
Contraction of the smooth muscle layer
Vasoconstriction
45
Relaxation of the smooth muscles layer results in
Vasodilation
46
- Have thinner layer of smooth muscles than arteries | - Return blood to the heart with help of skeletal muscle contractions and one way venous valves
Veins and venules
47
___________ return blood to the heart with help of skeletal muscle contractions and one way venous valves called ________
1. Veins and venules | 2. Venous Valves
48
Two cardiovascular diseases
1. Heart Attacks | 2. Stroke
49
Three facts about heart attacks
1. Also called Myocardial Infarctions 2. Main cause of cardiovascular deaths in U.S. 3. Insufficient supply of blood to the heart
50
What causes a stroke?
Interference with blood supply to the brain
51
Is a connective tissue composed of a fluid matrix, called plasma, within which are found different cells and formed elements.
Blood
52
The fluid matrix in blood
Plasma
53
What is in the plasma?
Different cells and formed elements
54
The functions of circulating blood are
1. Transportation of materials 2. Regulation of body functions 3. Protection from injury and invasion
55
What percentage of the plasma is water?
92%
56
What solute are in the plasma?
``` Nutrients Wastes Hormones Ions Proteins ```
57
If protein is removed, the plasma is called _______
Serum
58
The formed elements include ______________
Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets
59
Another name for red blood cells
Erythrocytes
60
Red blood cells of vertebrates contain _________
Hemoglobin
61
A pigment that binds and transports oxygen
Hemoglobin
62
Another name for while blood cells
Leukocytes
63
Amount of red blood cells in blood?
5 million per microliter of blood
64
Percentage of white blood cells in blood
Less than 1% of blood cells
65
Three defining characteristics of leukocytes
1. Larger than erythrocytes 2. Have nuclei 3. Can migrate out of capillaries
66
Are cell fragments that pinch off from larger cells in the bone marrow - Function in the formation of blood clots
Platelets
67
All of the elements of blood develop from _________-
Pluripotent Stem Cells
68
Is blood cell production
Hematopoiesis

Biology 110 (7 decks)

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