Chapter 5

Question 1

Stream of consciousness

Answer 1

Describes the constantly changing flow of the mind based on changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings

Question 2

Consciousness

Answer 2

Our awareness of our environment and active processing of information

Question 3

The reticular activating system

Answer 3

Consists of the brain stem, medulla, and thalamus; all three work together to regulate state of arousal

Question 4

Theory of mind

Answer 4

A person’s subjective understanding of the thoughts and feelings of others

Question 5

Controlled processes

Answer 5

Alert states in which individuals focus toward a goal

Question 6

Executive function

Answer 6

Higher order cognitive processes of thought, planning, and problem solving

Question 7

Automatic processes

Answer 7

States of consciousness that do not require active attention or conscious effort

Question 8

Unconscious thought

Answer 8

Proposed by Freud as an area not consciously accessible. harboring unacceptable desires, and thoughts

Question 9

Sleep

Answer 9

A natural and necessary state of rest for the body and mind in which sensory information is not consciously processed

Question 10

Biological rhythms

Answer 10

Periodic physiological changes and fluctuations in the body that follow some natural schedule

Question 11

Circadian rhythms

Answer 11

Daily behavioral and physiological cycles of change like sleep/wake, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar

Question 12

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 12

Brain structure that receives information from the retina about light and synchronizes a daily schedule of light and dark

Question 13

Cognitive theory of dreaming

Answer 13

Proposes that the same means of understanding the waking mind can be used to understand dreams

Question 14

Activation-synthesis theory of dreaming

Answer 14

Dreams are the result of the brain trying to make sense of random brain activity during sleep

Question 15

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 15

Substances that impact the nervous system and conscious processes and perception

Question 16

Tolerance

Answer 16

The need to take more of a drug to produce the desired effect

Question 17

Physical independence

Answer 17

The physiological need for a substance in order to avoid withdrawal sysmptoms

Question 18

Psychological dependence

Answer 18

The cognitive and emotional drive to continue substance use

Question 19

Addiction

Answer 19

The physical and psychological need to continue use

Question 20

Depressants

Answer 20

A form of psychoactive drug that decreases thought and reaction processes

Question 21

Alcoholism

Answer 21

Refers to an issue associated with excessive alcohol use that has a negative impact on an individual’s life

Question 22

Barbiturates

Answer 22

Depressants used to calm activity in the central nervous system

Question 23

Tranquilizers

Answer 23

Depressants that help an individual relax

Question 24

Opioids

Answer 24

Highly addictive drugs that activate the same neuron receptors as the endorphin neurotransmitter and act to ease pain and stress

Question 25

Stimulants

Answer 25

Drugs that increase central nervous system activity

Question 26

Hallucinogens

Answer 26

Drugs that alter how an individual percieves their enviroment

Question 27

Hypnosis

Answer 27

A process that places an individual in an altered and more receptive state of consciousness

Question 28

Divided consciousness view of hypnosis

Answer 28

An individual who is hypnotized has two components to their consciousness. One attending to the person who hypnotized them, and another watching the process

Question 29

Social cognitive behavior view of hypnosis

Answer 29

Proposes that hypnosis is actually a normal state and people hypnotized are behaving based on their expectations of how they should behave

Question 30

Meditation

Answer 30

An intentional mindful process that an individual does to create a state of peace and calm

Question 31

Stage W

Answer 31

The person is awake

Question 32

Non-REM stages (N1-N3)

Answer 32

The person moves from light sleep to deep sleep

Question 33

N3 is the?

Answer 33

Deepest sleep

Question 34

Most dreaming occurs during stage ?

Answer 34

R or REM sleep

Question 35

Each sleep cycle lasts about?

Answer 35

90-100 minutes and several cycles occur throughout the night

Question 36

The REM stage lasts longer towards?

Answer 36

The end of a nights sleep

Question 37

Levels of neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine do what as the sleep cycle progresses?

Answer 37

Decrease

Question 38

R or REM sleep begins when?

Answer 38

The reticular formation raises the level of acetylcholine

Question 39

Addictive drugs activate the brains?

Answer 39

Reward system by releasing dopamine concentration

Question 40

Abuse of psychoactive drugs can lead to?

Answer 40

Tolerance, psychological, and physical dependence, and addiction

Question 41

Who described the mind as a stream of consciousness?

Answer 41

William James

Question 42

Higher level awareness

Answer 42

Controlled processes and selective attention

Question 43

Lower level awareness

Answer 43

Automatic processes and daydreaming

Question 44

The part of the brain that keeps our biological clocks synchronized is the?

Answer 44

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 45

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the?

Answer 45

Hypothalamus